Module 1: Intro to A&P

Question 1

1. There six levels of organization of the body- what are they?

Answer 1

1. chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level.

Question 2

2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system?

Answer 2

2. Integumentary

Question 3

3. The function of movement is provided by what system?

Answer 3

3. muscular

Question 4

4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?

Answer 4

4. Nervous

Question 5

5. The function of digestion is provided by what system?

Answer 5

5. Digestive

Question 6

6. What is anabolism?

Answer 6

6. making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones

Question 7

7. What is catabolism?

Answer 7

7. Break down of complex cellular structures into simpler ones

Question 8

8. Excretion involves what systems?

Answer 8

8. digestive, respiratory and urinary

Question 9

9. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?

Answer 9

9. the endocrine system

Question 10

10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body.

Answer 10

10.Epithelium

Question 11

11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration.

Answer 11

11. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport system

Question 12

12. What is the purpose of ATP?

Answer 12

12. ATP is a very energy rich molecule the powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

Question 13

13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions?

Answer 13

13. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away.

Question 14

14. What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 14

14. The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.

Question 15

15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems.

Answer 15

15. See module

Question 16

16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?

Answer 16

16.superficial

Question 17

17. Away from the body surface is what direction?

Answer 17

17. deep

Question 18

18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation?

Answer 18

18. intermediate

Question 19

19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?

Answer 19

19. medial

Question 20

20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction?

Answer 20

20. inferior

Question 21

21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?

Answer 21

21. superior

Question 22

22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction?

Answer 22

22. ventral (anterior)

Question 23

23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?

Answer 23

23. distal

Question 24

24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?

Answer 24

24. proximal

Question 25

25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction?

Answer 25

25. Dorsal (posterior)

Question 26

26. Closing of a joint is which action?

Answer 26

26. Flexion

Question 27

27. Opening of a joint is which action?

Answer 27

27. Extension

Question 28

28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination?

Answer 28

28. Supination

Question 29

29. Why are the hands in this position (answer from #28/above)?

Answer 29

29. Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position

Question 30

30. Define elevation and depression:

Answer 30

30. Elevation- upward movement of a structure; Depression- downward movement of a structure

Question 31

31. Define retraction and protraction:

Answer 31

31. Protraction- movement in the anterior direction; Retraction- movement in the posterior direction

Question 32

32. A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. What is this action called

Answer 32

radial deviation

Question 33

34. This body division includes the head neck and trunk?

Answer 33

34. Axial division

Question 34

35. This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Answer 34

35. Sagittal

Question 35

36. These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Answer 35

36. Frontal

Question 36

37. A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts:

Answer 36

37. Superior and Inferior

Question 37

38. These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.

Answer 37

38. Oblique

Question 38

39. This body cavity protects the nervous system.

Answer 38

39. Dorsal body cavity

Question 39

40. This body cavity encases the brain.

Answer 39

40. Cranial

Question 40

41. This cavity encloses the spinal cord.

Answer 40

41. Spinal

Question 41

42. The frontal plane is also known as the plane.

Answer 41

42. Coronal

Question 42

43. The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities:

Answer 42

43.Thoracic and abdominopelvic

Question 43

44. This cavity encloses the heart:

Answer 43

44. pericardial

Question 44

45. The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the

Answer 44

45. Serosa

Question 45

46. What is pleurisy?

Answer 45

46. Inflammation of the pleurae.

Question 46

47. The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants?

Answer 46

47. Right upper, Left upper, Right lower and Left lower.

Question 47

48. This region surrounds the naval

Answer 47

48. Umbilical

Question 48

49. This region houses the pelvis.

Answer 48

49. Iliac

Question 49

50. This cavity houses the teeth and tongue.

Answer 49

50. Oral

Question 50

51. This cavity houses the eyes.

Answer 50

51. Orbital

Question 51

52. Joints are lined with what?

Answer 51

52. Synovial fluid

Question 52

53. This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them.

Answer 52

53. Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes

Question 53

54. Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small.

Answer 53

54. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.

Question 54

55. Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 54

55. 1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope. 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”). 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Question 55

57. Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production.

Answer 55

57.Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.

Question 56

58. Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.

Answer 56

58. One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.

Question 57

a. nucleus

Answer 57

Nucleus - contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.

Question 58

b. ribosomes

Answer 58

Ribosomes - tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.

Question 59

c. smooth ER

Answer 59

Smooth ER -synthesizes lipids.

Question 60

d. rough ER

Answer 60

Rough ER - modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface.

Question 61

e. RNA

Answer 61

RNA - take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis.

Question 62

f. endospore

Answer 62

Endospore -dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism.

Question 63

g. Golgi complex

Answer 63

Golgi complex - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.

Question 64

h. lysosome

Answer 64

Lysosome - possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules.

Question 65

i. mitochondria

Answer 65

Mitochondria - convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP.

Question 66

j. plasma membrane

Answer 66

Plasma membrane - contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place.

Question 67

k. microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 67

Microtubules are hollow and anchored to the MTOC; microfilaments are solid and create movement.

Question 68

l. extracellular matrix

Answer 68

extracellular matrix contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells.

Question 69

a. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells

Answer 69

a. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells - recognize the three main differences between them (size, organelles and membranes).

Question 70

b. membranes

Answer 70

b. membranes - know their detailed structure (including hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol). Understand the importance of membranes in being able to separate or confine molecules. Know what is “fluid” about a membrane.

Question 71

c. diffusion

Answer 71

c. diffusion - know the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion and know which molecules use each type and why.

Question 72

d. active transport

Answer 72

d. active transport - know how this process relates to the concentration gradient and that it requires additional energy.

Question 73

e. endocytosis

Answer 73

e. endocytosis – understand the three types of endocytosis (also in the figure). Know how to describe which types of molecules use this method.

Question 74

f. proteins

Answer 74

f. proteins - know how proteins are used in diffusion, active transport, and the extracellular matrix.

Question 75

g. isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Answer 75

g. isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic-know the difference in these terms and how a cell would react in different solutions (see examples in text). Remember that these terms refer to the amount of solute in an aqueous solution. Water moves into an area of high solute concentration.

Question 76

h. cholesterol

Answer 76

h. cholesterol- describe how it helps to stabilize the cell membrane.