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A-level Biology > Module 4.3 > Flashcards

Module 4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the problem with using common names for species ?

A

The same species can have a different common name in different species .
Second pronlem , is fhay different species can have the same common name .

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2
Q

Linaen calsdifc shfem

A

Domain , kingdom , phylum , clsss , order family genus species

Dawg king Philip came over for good soup these

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3
Q

Each group in classification group is what ?

A

It is called taxonomic group . Each individual group is referred to as a taxon .
- tigether they are called taxa .

Taxonomic system is hiershcial , meaning we ahve the BROADEST GROUP at the top and most specific at the bottom .

  • example every type of organisms falls into one of the three domains . Organisms are then subdivided into specific categories based on common features .
  • bottom of the system we have most specific category species .
  • each species is only one type of organism .
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4
Q

Bionomial name is used instead of common name . What is if ?

A

Bio lmk am dimly consist of genus and species .

Binomial name is Felis catus.

  • only first letter of the name is capital letter , all fhe other lterrs like species is in losses case and italics if not possible then underline .
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5
Q

Wheat is a species ?

A

A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce live fertile offspring .

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6
Q

Organisms used to be classified into what

A

Animal kingdom and plant kingdom

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7
Q

But more organisms disk Sfax so as bedddd fo get mods kingdoms - five kingdom shfem what is if ?

A

Prokaryotes . Animalia , plantae , fungi , protoctista. Neeed to be able to describe the features of these five kingdoms

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8
Q

What ones of the five kingdoms are eukaryotic

A

Animalia , plants l , fungi , protoctista .
So I’m lf these four kingdoms. , dna js held in a membrane bound nucleus .

  • the cells contain other membrane organelles as well like mitochondria .
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9
Q

Prokaryotes explain.

A

All unicellular organisms . Don’t have a nucleus KE any other membrane gou forbasz

The dna In prokaryotes form a circular loop and is not bound to Justin’s proteins .

  • they ahve small 70s ribosomes
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10
Q

Prokaryotes explain.

A

All unicellular organisms . Don’t have a nucleus KE any other membrane gou forbasz

The dna In prokaryotes form a circular loop and is not bound to Justin’s proteins .

  • they ahve small 70s ribosomes
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11
Q

How do prokaryotes get their nutrients

A

From absorption from the environment through the cell wall or by photosynthesis .

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12
Q

What are the Animalia explain

A

They are all multicellular organisms ,
Animalia are heterotrophic in other words , they get their nutrients by ingesting or eating other organisms .

  • in Animalia , glucose is stored as the polysaccharide glycogen .
    Animalia a have a nucleus and other membrane hound organelles .

But don’t have chloroplast kf cl wall .

MOVEMENT OCCURS BT PROTEIN CONTRACTION for example in muscles. .

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13
Q

How else can movement occur in Animalia

A

Human cilia in the bronchi dust out of the lungs and sponges, flagella move water through the organism which filters food from the water as it flows through

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14
Q

Plants are also multicellular EXPLAIK IT

A

Plant cells
Contain cell wall as well as chlorophyll in chloroplast plants or autotrophic . They synthesise food plants using photosynthesis. The glucose plants produced by photosynthesis is stored as starch. Most plants cannot move but a small can the Venus fly trap and a very small number of plants for example, the male gummy flagella to move

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15
Q

Fungi can be unicellular of multicellular EXPLAIN

A

Cells in fungi have a cell wall made of chitin .

Multi Cellular gunk have fine threads callddd hyphae forming a larger mass mycelium.
fungi cannot move and cannot photosynthesise, and they never contain Chloeropyll .
Fungi are sapheophytes and absorb nutrients from them, often from decay and fungi glycogen as a storage form of glucose

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16
Q

Some fungi can also be Parasifs - explain

A

Yeast that fused dandruff in husks.

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17
Q

Overview of protoctista

A

protist is a diverse kingdom containing organisms which do not fit into the Anomalia plant or fungi kingdom,

most protista or unicellular, although some multicellular protist can be heterotrophic, such as amoeba or autotrophic, such as Euglena, some parasites, such as giardia 

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18
Q

How do protects a move

A

 parasite, such as some protist using flagella or cilia while amoeba by spreading which is called amke lie movement. Some protist have no active mechanism moving at all.

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19
Q

Okay now, in the last few decades, biologist have made the scarf which have changed or understanding classification

A

Observable features of organisms biologist now look at protein and DNA sequences organisms which are closely related in terms of evolution will have more similarity in these molecules than organisms which are distantly related in

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20
Q

Why did ca worse analyse ribosomal rnA sim 1970 from w range of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria such as E. coli which is found in the human digestive system. He also looked at extreme bacteria. These are found in extreme conditions such as high temperatures or acidic environment. Extreme bacteria are part of the glucose arche bacteria know that bacteria are found in many places. for example, they produce in the human digestive systemwas disco

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21
Q

What did Carl doess discover abt Archae bacteria

A

Archie bacteria are very different to bacteria such as E. coli. For example, the chemical structure of the cell membrane in arteria different and the cell wall does not contain peptiodglyocen . Protein synthesis is in arteria is also different. For example, the ribosome structure has similarities to ribosomes and eukaryotes.

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22
Q

What did Carl doess discover abt Archae bacteria

A

Archie bacteria are very different to bacteria such as E. coli. For example, the chemical structure of the cell membrane in arteria different and the cell wall does not contain peptiodglyocen . Protein synthesis is in arteria is also different. For example, the ribosome structure has similarities to ribosomes and eukaryotes.

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23
Q

Worse proposed. New taxonomic groip called what

A

 which is higher than kingdom in the system. There are three domains, which I’m showing in red. These are bacteria Arachne and eukarya .  And

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24
Q

What kingdoms does bacteria domain have

A

The kingdom eubacteria which means true bacteria .

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25
Q

What kingdoms does archae contain

A

The kingdom arachaebacteir

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26
Q

What kingdoms does eularua contisn

A

Animalia , plantae , fungi and protoctista.

The theee domain SIX KINGDOM shfem is now DIDNT used by biologists ,

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27
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms
- the study of these evolutionary relationships is called phylogenetics

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28
Q

We can represent evolutionary relationships between species using

A

Phylogenetic tree
Based on dna sequence

Phylogeny trees show how different species can evolve form a common ancestor .

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29
Q

We can represent evolutionary relationships between species using

A

Phylogenetic tree
Based on dna sequence

Phylogeny trees show how different species can evolve form a common ancestor .

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30
Q

Features of phylogenetic trees one

A

Time flows from the bottom tk the top

So species , further in the past are shown at the bottom .
- more recent species are shown at the top . Ty

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31
Q

Features of phylogenetic tees two

A

The branch points are called nodes .
- a node shows a common ancestor of the descendants from that node . The \/ bit kf groan

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32
Q

What are the two descendants of the same node called in a phylogeny tree !

A

Two descendants from the same node are called sister groups

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33
Q

What is at the bad doc frr

A

We see the common ancestor of all the species shown on the tree wlse all the species kna. Tree can trace their evolutionary history to this common ancestor

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34
Q

What does a phylogenetic free show is

A

How closely related species are j. Terms of evolution .
Can also see how recent collln ancestors were shard use the time line

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35
Q

One reason why phylogeny is useful

A

Phylogeny can be used to confirm the classification of an organism by other methods , for example appearance .

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36
Q

Second reason why phylogeny is useful

A

Phylogeny is not based on grouping organisms , , in taxonomic classifications , organisms are grouped into taxa , and some
Organisms do not fit neatly into a given group.

  • taxonomic classification tests the same taxonomic as equivalent for example daksss and canids add both families by not grouping orhaamisms phylogeny overcomes problems
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37
Q

Second reason why phylogeny is useful

A

Phylogeny is not based on grouping organisms , , in taxonomic classifications , organisms are grouped into taxa , and some
Organisms do not fit neatly into a given group.

  • taxonomic classification tests the same taxonomic as equivalent for example daksss and canids add both families by not grouping orhaamisms phylogeny overcomes problems
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38
Q

Charles Darwin history

A

Most people in the UK believed in the Bible version of creation God created the world and all the living organisms in it. They believe that the Earth was only a few thousand years old now scientist at the time we’re starting to realise that the Earth is in fact, much older geologist studied how the rock of the Earth changed due to natural processes. For example, mountains are worn down by erosion due to water and wind, these processes were so slow that they must’ve been taking place for many millions of years

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39
Q

History what did palaeontologists discover

A

Anthologist also discovered fossils extinct organisms that live a very very long time ago, so the idea was taking science that the Earth is much older than previously thought. In the 1830s Darwin took

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40
Q

What did Darwin dk in the 1830s

A

Part of an expedition about the HMS beagle around South America and the Galapagos silence. He collected thousands of specimens of plant animals and sent them home to the UK. Some of these were small birds called finches, which Darwin had collected on the silence, Galapagos silence, as you can see finches, variation, for example, shape, the large ground Finch has a short beak for example

.

41
Q

What did Darwin propose after hmm beagle

A

Darwin proposed that Big shape had evolved depending on the food available. For example, consider the habitat where plants produce hardwood seeds in this habitat. If a bird is born with a short large beak, it can use it to open the seeds for food. This bird is more likely to survive and reproduce in this habitat, a bird with a small beakcannot open the seeds, the offspring and overtime with large beak become common in habitat

42
Q

What did Alfred tussled wsllacd do at the same time

A

Wallace was interested in the evolution of warning colours, for example, an insect, as well as how new species form Wallace developed a evolution very similar to Darwin’s

43
Q

What are fossils and why are the useful to us for evolution

A

Fossils remain organisms, preserved layers of rock contain fossils of simple organisms, such as bacteria younger. The surface contain fossils of more and more complex organisms, such as mammals so fossil support the idea that complex organisms evolve from organisms that are simple t

44
Q

Benefit of comparing modern day organisms with fossils

A

Modern organisms with fossils we can show that they show a common ancestor, for example, reptiles and mammals, a common ancestor that lived around 300 million years ago to

45
Q

Problem with fossils

A

understand that the fossil is incomplete the formation of fossils very specific conditions, which are not commonly found organisms fossilised, very rarely, for example, skeleton
Can easily be destroyed by geological processes, such as volcanic activity

46
Q

Problem with fossils

A

understand that the fossil is incomplete the formation of fossils very specific conditions, which are not commonly found organisms fossilised, very rarely, for example, skeleton
Can easily be destroyed by geological processes, such as volcanic activity

47
Q

How can competitive anatomy help us understand evolution

A

Comparative anatomy invoice comparing the body structures of different species.
Pentad homologous structures homologous structures appear different on the surface but have the same internal structure. This suggests that the evolved common ancestor over millions of years are species formed and evolved to live in different habitats. Serve different functions, divergent evoluton

48
Q

How can competitive anatomy help us understand evolution

A

Comparative anatomy invoice comparing the body structures of different species.
Pentad homologous structures homologous structures appear different on the surface but have the same internal structure. This suggests that the evolved common ancestor over millions of years are species formed and evolved to live in different habitats. Serve different functions, divergent evolution

49
Q

Cytochrome c

A

Which is involved in aerobic respiration is found in virtually all eukaryotic organisms and has around 100 amino acids, amino acids, essential proteins function organisms number critical its function over species, evolved critical amino acids can change between different species neutral function of protein acid we can see how closely related species this is called comparative biochemistry

50
Q

This is called comparative biochemistry

A

Two species with similar sequences will shove a common ancestor. For example, the massive sequence is identical between between humans and chimpanzees is very different between species. They are less closely related scientist for example DNA. And ribosomal rna

51
Q

What is interspecific variation and what is the significance

A

The differences between different species
Different species can show marked differences for example in their body shape heo they get their food and how they reproduce .

52
Q

Intraspscific gariafion

A

Variation between members of the same species. .
Variation within a species is less pronounced than variation between different species .

53
Q

Two causes of variation , what are they

A

Genetic and environmental

54
Q

What causes genetic variation and give example

A

Caused by the genetic mateiral that an organism inherits .
Different alleles inherited like colour of fur

  • sormtimes a change can take place in the dna sequence of a gene , scientists call this mutation which lead to variation
55
Q

Where can mutations take place ?

A

In a body (or somatic) cell . Good example cancer because the se mutations do not affect gametes , they are not passed onto the offspring .

56
Q

Where can mutations take place ?

A

In a body (or somatic) cell . Good example cancer because the se mutations do not affect gametes , they are not passed onto the offspring .

57
Q

What happens if a mutation is present in an organism gamete’s

A

Then that mutation can be passed onto the offspring .
Present in all the cells so can be passed on

58
Q

Key thing about egentic variation due to alleles and mutations

A

Apply to every organism . Including those that teproduce asexual and sexual

Asexual - mutations are the ONLY WAY fhat even tic variation can increase .

However sexual preorucfion genetic variation increases in three other ways

59
Q

Key thing about egentic variation due to alleles and mutations

A

Apply to every organism . Including those that teproduce asexual and sexual

Asexual - mutations are the ONLY WAY fhat even tic variation can increase .

However sexual preorucfion genetic variation increases in three other ways

60
Q

What are the three others way sexual reproduction produces genetic variation 1

A

Odd pair g produced by sexual reproduction receive alleles from two different parents meaning they will have a combination of features . Inherited from these two parents .

61
Q

What are the three others way sexual reproduction produces genetic variation 2

A

Secondly , when an organism produces gametes , each of these gametes is genetically different , during meiosis’s chromosomes are shuffled by independent assortment z, and genetic materials ie exchanged with chromosomes during g crossing over in meiosis’s .

62
Q

What are the three others way sexual reproduction produces genetic variation 2

A

Secondly , when an organism produces gametes , each of these gametes is genetically different , during meiosis’s chromosomes are shuffled by independent assortment z, and genetic materials ie exchanged with chromosomes during g crossing over in meiosis’s .

63
Q

As gametes are egenricsllt different

A

This produces egentic variation in an organisms offspring .

-

64
Q

What are the three others way sexual reproduction produces genetic variation 3

A

Organisms produced by sexual reproduction offen produce a very large number of gametes ,

Fertilisation between these gametes is random so we can’t produce which fuse during fertilisation intriguing genetic variation between offspring g

65
Q

Characteristics that are purely genetic include

A

Blood group
And genetic conditions

66
Q

Characteristics that are purely genetic include

A

Blood group
And genetic conditions

67
Q

Variations caused by environment

A

Scars completely environment

Hydrangeas acidic
Allll slime link

68
Q

Variations caused by environment

A

Scars completely environment

Hydrangeas acidic
Allll slime link

69
Q

Characterise caused by a combination of genetic and fhe environment

A

Height

Generics and diet

Inehtits alleles for tallness but not no rushing diet then don’t grow

But no inheriting but nourishing diet won’t grow tall .

70
Q

Afapataions can be divided into three gimme one

A

Anatomical adaptations are adaptations to the physical features of an organism .
Eye spots
Streamline dolphins

71
Q

Afapataions can be divided into three gimme one

A

Anatomical adaptations are adaptations to the physical features of an organism .

72
Q

Marram grass anatomical adaptations 1

A

Live in defoo but if conditions water scare adapted

The leaves the leaves grass are rolled up with a stomata on the inside moist air is trapped within the tube rather than being blown away bf the wind .

73
Q

Marram grass anatomical adaptations 1

A

Live in defoo but if conditions water scare adapted

The leaves the leaves grass are rolled up with a stomata on the inside moist air is trapped within the tube rather than being blown away bf the wind .

74
Q

Marram grass anatomical adaptadions 2

A

The stomata in marram grass are found in sunken pits with fine hairs projecting inwards toward vents r.
These anatomical adaptations ensure that moist air is trapped around the stomata . Reducing rate of diffusion kf water vapour IFUR go stomata

75
Q

Second type of sdapataion behavioural

A

Behaviour adaptations are adaptations in how an organism acts or behaves , some are inate passed on by genes like web building

Some are learned for example sticks to probe for insects and many are combination

76
Q

Second type of sdapataion behavioural

A

Behaviour adaptations are adaptations in how an organism acts or behaves , some are inate passed on by genes like web building

Some are learned for example sticks to probe for insects and many are combination

77
Q

Third category of adaptations

A

Physiological adaptations adaptations to the way an organisms biological processes function . Antifreeze proteins fish produce or ice in fish tissue

78
Q

Do fish plants and insects share any recent common ancestor

A

Nope , meaning antifreeze proteins must have evolved independently in these groups of organisms .

79
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When unrelated organisms evolve common features

  • evolution naturals election Dj robsnsidm sdapt to the conditions in their environment so independently evolving anti freeze proteins
80
Q

100 million years ago mammals split into two groups

A

Placental mammals and marsupials these are very different in how offspring develops

81
Q

Placental mammals

A

A foetus develops in the uterus and receives and oxygen from mother via placenta so offspring born are Marie

82
Q

Whag happens in marsupials

A

A foetus leaves the uterus at a very early stage and continues development ins. Pounmcg where it gets milk from mami
But still between these two mammals still have converged t evolution .

83
Q

key idea about offspring

A

most organisms produce a large number of offspring , but the vats majority of these offspring , do not survive ,

-That’s because food water and space are all limited . Many organisms are killed by predators or by infectious diseases , or adverse weather conditions like heat , scientists call these selection pressures .

84
Q

what is a selection pressure ?

A

are factors that affect the survival of organisms an environment .

85
Q

what leads to the process of natural selection

A

selection pressures such as predation or the availability of food , lead to the process of natural selection . Charles Darwin used the process of natural selection to show how species evolve .

86
Q

natural selection 1

A

snow shoe hare , found in north America and have a range of predators such as bobcat

-to avoid predators snowshoe hares are nocturnal . snow shoe hares also have a well developed sense of hearing .

87
Q

natural selection 2

A

in any population of organisms there is variation .
every snowshoe hare will be slightly different from the others . A lot of this variation is due to the alleles present . scientists call alleles present in a population the gene pool .

88
Q

natural selection 3

A

mutations are constantly taking place within the population . in many cases , these mutations are harmful .
-However , in some cases a mutation can lead to a new advantageous allele .

imagine snowshoe hare mutation for sensitive hearing , this hare with the mutation has a better chance of dissecting predators , than the other hares , meaning this hare is more likely to survive and reproduce hare without the advantageous alleles are more likely to be killed by a predator .

89
Q

natural selection 4

A

when the hare with the advantageous allele reproduces , the allele can be passed onto the offspring , the hares with the advantageous allele are more likely to avoid predation and survive and reproduce .
overtime , the advantageous allele becomes widespread within the population . frequency of advantageous allele has increased in a gene pool .

90
Q

natural selection

A

overtimE , NATURAL SSLECTION CAN LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMNT OF NEW SPECIES .

91
Q

rapid natural selection

A

natural selection has lead to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria . In this case , the presence of antibiotics is the selection pressure driving the natural selection so difficult for mrsa n things

92
Q

natural selection also seenw hen insects treated with pesticides

A

pesticides act as selection pressure , leading ot pesticide resistant due to natrual sleection .

93
Q

conitnous variation

A

organisms can have any value between the smallest value and the greatest value . continuous variation - normal distribution .

-features that show continuum variation are often controlled by a number of evens acting together - polygenes , environmental factors also playa r ole , example is birth weight .

94
Q

cehck 1 ;22 free sicnece vidoe rgaph

A

mean is the most likely to survive , the two extremes underweight and overweight less likely to survive , this is known as stabilising selection shown by the dotted line ,.

95
Q

when does stabilising selection occur

A

when environmental conditions are not changing .
-in stabilising selection any extremes of phenotype are selected against . in this case , the extremes of phenotype are very low birth weight and very high birth rate . they have hgher mortality than mena ,.

genetics play major role in birth weight and very igh or low birth weight are less liekly to survive , the alleles conibuting to these weights are less likely to be passed on .n meaning birthweight will settle to the mean with less variation at the etxremes .

96
Q

what happens when environmental conditions do change ?

A

a different kind of selection takes place , known as directional selection . beak size varies around the mean , sopme having small beak and some having large beak .

-if climate gets drer hard seeds to oepn ,l birds with smaller beaks struggle to open but larger beaks have a selective advantage and are mroe liekly to dutvivie and and reproduce , overtiem the alleles for large beak become more frequent in the gene pool anf the effecvt of this is o shift hte mean towards a larger beak size . directional sleection

97
Q

directional selection also seen in antibiotic resistance e

A

antibiotic resistance acquires when a random mutation to a gene causes antibiosis resistance . in th abs cense of antibiotics resistant bacteria have no advantage over non resistant bacteria so in the absence int he number of antibiotic resistance is low ,.

but in the presence of antibiotics , resistant bacteria have a selective advantage and survive and reproduce int he presence of an antibiotic , whereas the non-resistant bacteria are killed by the antibiotic . Overtime the gene for antibiotic resistance becomes more common in the environment .

98
Q

in directional variation

A

one phenotype is selected over another phenotype and takes place when environment changes ( selection pressure is applied . )

A-level Biology (18 decks)

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