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HLTH 334 > Module 4: Reproductive Health > Flashcards

Module 4: Reproductive Health Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of all pregnancies are unplanned

A

45%

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2
Q

what country has the highest teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy rate of all developed countries

A

USA

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3
Q

what percent of unplanned pregnancies occur to women in their 20s

A

55%

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4
Q

why are most unplanned pregnancies in women in their 20s

A
  • highly fertile
  • increased rates of sexual activity
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5
Q

how many teenagers become pregnant each year in the US today

A

700,000

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6
Q

how many teenagers became pregnant each year in the US in the 2010s

A

1 million

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7
Q

are most birth controls methods for men or women

A

women

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8
Q

what is the difference between birth control and contraception

A
  • birth control: aimed at not having a baby, includes abortion and plan B which are not contraception
  • contraception: aimed at preventing fertilization (sperm + egg), a form of birth control
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9
Q

define fertility

A

a person’s ability to reproduce

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10
Q

when is the onset of fertility

A
  • near puberty
  • menarche for women and semenarche for men
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11
Q

define semenarche

A

first ejaculation in males

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12
Q

define menarche

A

first period in females

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13
Q

define conception

A

the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm

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14
Q

define contraception

A

the methods of preventing conception

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15
Q

what conditions are necessary for conception

A
  • a viable egg
  • a viable sperm
  • access to the egg by the sperm
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16
Q

how long are eggs viable after ovulation

A

24 hours

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17
Q

how long are sperm viable in the female body

A

5 days

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18
Q

what does a pregnancy test measure

A

HCG hormone

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19
Q

when can pregnancy tests detect HCG hormone

A

up to 2 weeks before a missed period

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20
Q

what does it mean if a male has a positive pregnancy test

A
  • they have HCG hormone in their body
  • associated with certain types of testicular cancers
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21
Q

can you get pregnant over a week after having sex

A

yes

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22
Q

how long does it take for a fertilized egg to reach the uterus

A

1-2 days

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23
Q

how long does it take for a fertilized egg to implant into the uterine wall

A

3-5 days

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24
Q

when do you technically begin pregnancy

A

when the fertilized egg implants into the uterine wall

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25
Q

define theoretical efficacy

A
  • the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use if the method is used consistently and correctly
  • perfect use
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26
Q

define user efficacy

A
  • the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use if the method is NOT always used consistently or correctly
  • typical use, human use
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27
Q

how do theoretical efficacy and user efficacy usually compare

A

theoretical efficacy is usually 10% higher than user efficacy

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28
Q

list the types of contraception

A
  • barrier
  • hormonal
  • behavioral
  • emergency
  • surgical
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29
Q

define barrier contraception

A
  • blocks the egg and sperm form joining
  • can be physical (condoms) or chemical (spermicides)
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30
Q

what are the 3 things that hormonal contraception does

A
  • prevents ovulation
  • thickens cervical mucus to inhibit sperm motility
  • prevents a fertilized egg from implanting by thinning the endometrial lining
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31
Q

what are the 3 types of behavioral contraception

A
  • withdrawal
  • abstinence
  • fertility awareness
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32
Q

define emergency contraception

A

prevent pregnancy after unsafe sex or failed birth control

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33
Q

define surgical contraception

A

prevent pregnancy permanently

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34
Q

what type of contraception are condoms

A

barrier

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35
Q

what are the 2 types of condoms

A
  • male/external
  • female/internal
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36
Q

describe a male/external condom

A
  • thin sheath to cover an erect penis and catch semen before it enters the vagina
  • can come with or without spermicide and lubrication
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37
Q

can a penis be flaccid to put on a male/external condom

A

no, must be erect

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38
Q

what materials can condoms be made out of

A
  • latex
  • polyurethane
  • lambskin (animal intestines)
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39
Q

describe latex condoms

A
  • thin
  • cheap
  • felxible
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40
Q

describe polyurethane condoms

A
  • less elasticity than latex condoms
  • slightly more likely to break because of less elasticity
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41
Q

which condoms protect against pregnancy

A

all

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42
Q

which condoms protect against STIs

A
  • latex
  • polyurethane
  • NOT lambskin
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43
Q

why do lambskin condoms not protect against STIs

A
  • larger pores than latex and polyurethane condoms
  • can block larger particles like sperm but not smaller particles like bacteria or viruses
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44
Q

what is the most common spermicide in condoms

A

nonoxyl-9

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45
Q

how do spermicides work

A
  • don’t kill sperm
  • paralyze the flagella of sperm so they can’t move
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46
Q

which lubricants can and can’t be used with condoms

A
  • can: water or silicone based
  • can’t: oil based
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47
Q

why should you not used oil-based lubricants with condoms

A

they can break down the condom

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48
Q

what products can disintegrate the latex in a condom

A
  • oil-based lubricants
  • heat
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49
Q

list the steps to putting on a male/external condom

A
  • check the expiration date
  • make sure the packaging is intact; you should be able to feel an air bubble inside
  • push the condom to one corner and tear open the opposite corner
  • check on the tip of your finger that the condom will roll in the right direction; the band of latex should be on the outside
  • pinch the tip of the condom, place it on an erect penis, and roll the condom down the shaft of the penis
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50
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of male/external condoms

A

97%

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51
Q

what is the user efficacy of male/external condoms

A

85%

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52
Q

which condoms have higher efficacy: male/external or female/internal

A

male/external have higher efficacy than female/internal

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53
Q

where can female/internal condoms be used

A
  • vagina
  • anus
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54
Q

describe female/internal condoms

A
  • single use
  • loose-fitting
  • made of polyurethane
  • one unit with two flexible rings at either end
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55
Q

do female/internal condoms prevent pregnancy, STIs, or both

A
  • prevent pregnancy
  • DO NOT prevent STIs
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56
Q

how are female/internal condoms inserted

A
  • manually
  • the upper ring is inserted into the vaginal canal and sits around the cervix
  • the lower ring stays outside of the vagina and sits on top of the labia
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57
Q

when can female/internal condoms be inserted

A

8 hours before sex

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58
Q

how expensive are female condoms compared to male condoms

A
  • female: $3 each
  • male: $0.50 each
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59
Q

what is the only brand of female/internal condoms

A

F2C

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60
Q

how many sizes of female/internal condoms are there

A

1 size fits all

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61
Q

describe why the loose-fitting nature of female/internal condoms can be bad or uncomfortable

A
  • the penis may not go into the condom
  • the condom can move around and make noises
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62
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of female/internal condoms

A

95%

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63
Q

what is the use efficacy of female/internal condoms

A

81%

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64
Q

list delivery methods of spermicides

A
  • jellies
  • creams
  • foams
  • suppositories
  • film
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65
Q

describe how spermicides are used

A
  • inserted into the vaginal canal
  • will dissolve naturally in the vagina
  • often used in conjunction with other methods
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66
Q

do you need to clean out spermicides after sex

A
  • no
  • the spermicide will be naturally absorbed by the vagina
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67
Q

what are good aspects of spermicides

A
  • non-hormonal
  • no prescription needed
  • comes in a variety of types
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68
Q

which type of spermicides come in tubes

A
  • jellies
  • creams
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69
Q

which type of spermicide comes in aerosol cans

A

foams

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70
Q

which type of spermicide comes in a waxt capsule

A

suppositories

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71
Q

what are the bad aspects of spermicides

A
  • must be applied manually (except suppositories which have applicators)
  • can be messy
  • do not protect against STIs
  • not super effective at preventing pregnancy
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72
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of spermicides

A

80%

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73
Q

what is the user efficacy of spermicides

A

70%

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74
Q

how should you test spermicides to make sure you don’t have an irritation reaction

A

put a small amount on the inside of the wrist

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75
Q

will spermicides mess with the pH of the vagina

A

no, but that can cause irritation

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76
Q

what happens to your risk of STIs if you have a reaction to spermicides

A

irritation may make it easier to get STIs

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77
Q

when should you apply spermicides

A
  • at least 10 minutes before sex (so it can be absorbed/dissolved)
  • no longer than an hours before sex
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78
Q

when should you reapply spermicides

A

after each ejaculation

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79
Q

what type of barrier is a daphragm

A
  • physical barrier
  • also becomes a chemical barrier when used with spermicides
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80
Q

what was the first widely used birth control method for women

A

diaphragm

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81
Q

when was the diaphragm made

A

1930s

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82
Q

what did the diaphragm used to be called

A

womb veil

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83
Q

who had access to the diaphragm in the 1930s

A

only available by prescription for married women

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84
Q

describe the diaphragm

A
  • soft and shallow cup
  • made of thin latex rubber
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85
Q

where are diaphragms placed

A
  • behind the pubic bone
  • in front of the cervix to block access to the uterus
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86
Q

what must a diaphragm be used with

A

spermicidal cream or jelly

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87
Q

describe where spermicide should be placed when using a diaphragm

A
  • inside the cup that will touch the cervix
  • on the underside that touches the vaginal canal
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88
Q

how would you get a diaphragm

A
  • prescription
  • must be fitted by a physician
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89
Q

when do diaphragms need to be refitted

A

after a vaginal birth

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90
Q

what happens if a diaphragm isn’t fitted perfectly

A

it may slip out of place

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91
Q

how much does a diaphragm cost

A
  • $0 if have health insurance
  • $400 without health insurance
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92
Q

how long do diaphragms last

A

4 years

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93
Q

what STIs can diaphragms reduce the risk of

A
  • HPV
  • HIV
  • chlamydia
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94
Q

is the diaphragm considered a way to prevent STIs

A

no

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95
Q

how far in advance of sex can the diaphragm be inserted

A

8 hours before sex

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96
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of the diaphragm

A

95%

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97
Q

what is the user efficacy of the diaphragm

A

84%

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98
Q

what is in combination birth control pills

A
  • estrogen
  • progestin
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99
Q

define progestin

A

synthetic progesterone found in hormonal birth control

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100
Q

define the O pill

A

non-prescription combination birth control pill

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101
Q

how much does the O pill cost

A

$15 a month

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102
Q

when was the combination birth control pill first marketed and approved by the FDA

A

1960s

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103
Q

describe the cycle of taking combination birth control pills

A
  • 3 weeks of active birth control pills, 1 week of placebo pills (no hormone)
  • can be a longer cycle (3 months on, 1 week off)
  • can skip the placebo pills if confirmed with physician
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104
Q

how often should you take a combination birth control pill

A
  • every 24 hours
  • always within the same hour
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105
Q

what conditions might combination birth control pills lessen the symptoms of

A
  • PMS
  • PMDD
  • endometriosis
  • PCOS
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106
Q

what health problems can combination birth control pills cause

A
  • blood clots
  • high blood pressure
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107
Q

describe why the combination birth control pill might cause blood clots

A
  • estrogen increases the clotting factor in blood
  • causes it to be more likely to get blood clots
  • mostly a risk factor for people who smoke or are over 35
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108
Q

do combination birth control pills protect against STIs

A

no

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109
Q

what can lessen the effectiveness of combination birth control pills

A
  • grapefruit juice
  • st johns wart
  • antibiotics used to treat TB
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110
Q

why does grapefruit juice impact the effectiveness of the combination birth control pill

A

so acidic that it can break down estrogen before its absorbed

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111
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of combination birth control pills

A

99.7%

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112
Q

what is the user efficacy of combination birth control pills

A

92%

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113
Q

does taking any form of birth control decrease fertility

A

no, but some forms can delay fertility

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114
Q

what is another name for progestin only birth control pills

A

minipills

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115
Q

what should you do if you miss 1 day of birth control pills

A

take the missed dose as soon as you remember

116
Q

what should you do if you miss more than 2 days of birth control pills

A

use a backup contraceptive method for 1 week

117
Q

which type of birth control pill can be taken while breastfeeding

A

progestin only

118
Q

how often do you take progestin only birth control pills

A
  • 3 weeks on
  • 1 week off
119
Q

what are progestin only birth control pills not good at preventing and why

A
  • breakthrough bleeding
  • they don’t contain estrogen which regulates the endometrial lining
120
Q

is there a risk of blood clots with progestin only birth control pills

A

no because they don’t contain estrogen

121
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of progestin only birth control pills

A

99%

122
Q

what is the use efficacy of progestin only birth control pills

A

91%

123
Q

what is the common brand name for the contraceptive skin patch

A

ortho-evra

124
Q

how does the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch deliver hormones

A

transdermal: through the skin to the bloodstream

125
Q

how long is each ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch worn for

A

1 week

126
Q

what should you do about the location of the ortho-evra skin patch every time you change it

A

switch locations to avoid irritation

127
Q

how big is an ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A

2 inches by 2 inches

128
Q

what hormones are in the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A
  • estrogen
  • progestin
129
Q

why has the FDA released several warnings for increased risk of blood clots when using the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A
  • each patch contains a weeks worth of estrogen
  • having a higher dose of estrogen in the patch can increase the risk for blood clots
130
Q

how many colors are there of the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A

1 color- creamy-tan

131
Q

what should you do if your ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch starts peeling before you’re supposed to take it off

A

tape it down so it stays in contact with the skin

132
Q

what is the maximum amount of time an ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch should be off the body at a time

A

3 hours

133
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A

99.7%

134
Q

what is the user efficacy of the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A

92%

135
Q

what is the common brand name for the vaginal ring

A

nuvaring

136
Q

how many sizes of the nuvaring are there

A

1 size fits all

137
Q

describe the shape and texture of the nuvaring

A
  • soft
  • flexible
  • solid ring
  • 2 inches in diameter
138
Q

what hormones are in the nuvaring

A
  • estrogen
  • progestin
139
Q

describe the delivery of hormones with the nuvaring

A

transdermal: from vaginal wall to the bloodstream

140
Q

how do hormones from the nuvaring get into the bloodstream

A

body heat causes the hormones imbedded in the material to leech out

141
Q

how long is 1 nuvaring in the vagina

A

3 weeks

142
Q

how do you insert the nuvaring

A
  • manually
  • insert into the vagina and push up as far as it will go
143
Q

how does the nuvaring have a lower dose of estrogen that the ortho-evra contraceptive skin patch

A

the nuvaring is inserted into the vaginal canal which is very close to where the hormones need to be (ovaries)

144
Q

describe how you would get a nuvaring

A
  • initial doctors exam and prescription
  • purchase a new one every month
145
Q

what are the two ways you can skip the off week with the nuvaring

A
  • take one out after 3 weeks and immediately insert a new one
  • leave the nuvaring in for 4 weeks
146
Q

what happens when you leave a nuvaring in for 4 weeks

A
  • will still be good at preventing pregnancy
  • lower hormone levels may cause breakthrough bleeding
147
Q

how should you store your nuvaring

A
  • in refrigerator
  • so hormones don’t leech out of the ring when it isn’t inserted into the vagina
148
Q

how long can you leave a nuvaring out of the body at a time

A

3 hours

149
Q

can a penis feel the nuvaring

A

no

150
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of the nuvaring

A

99.7%

151
Q

what is the user efficacy of the nuvaring

A

92%

152
Q

what is the common brand name for contraceptive injecitons

A

depo-provera

153
Q

where can depo-provera shots be injected

A
  • arm muscles
  • gluteal muscles
154
Q

how long does it take depo-provera to start working after the first shot

A

24 hours

155
Q

how long is each depo-provera shot good for

A

3 months

156
Q

how many depo-provera shots do you need in a year

A

4

157
Q

what hormone is in the depo-provera shot and why

A
  • progestin only
  • a 3 month dose of estrogen would be dangerous
158
Q

describe what happens to a woman’s period when she first gets the depo-provera shot and after a year

A
  • can cause irregular bleeding at first because of the lack of estrogen
  • most women experience amenorrhea within a year
159
Q

how long does the depo-provera shot delay fertility

A

1 year

160
Q

why does it take 1 year after receiving depo-provera shots for fertility to return to normal

A
  • progestin is fat soluble so some will be stored in the fat
  • over time, the fat will slowly dissolve which will microdose you with progestin during the year after your last depo-provera shot
  • after a year, all the progestin in the fat should be gone
161
Q

what is the only method of birth control that is associated with weight gain

A

depo-provera shots

162
Q

what condition can depo-provera shots cause

A

osteopenia (pre-osteoporosis)

163
Q

what is the highest dose progestin birth control option available

A

depo-provera shots

164
Q

why do depo-provera shots cause osteopenia

A
  • increased progestin levels lower the ratio of progestin-estrogen in the body
  • you need a higher ratio of estrogen to maintain bone density
165
Q

how long should depo-provera shots be used for

A

no longer than 2-4 years

166
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of depo-provera contraceptive shots

A

99.7%

167
Q

what is the use efficacy of depo-provera contraceptive shots

A

97%

168
Q

what is the common name brand for the contraceptive implant

A

nexplanon

169
Q

what was the name of the old contraceptive implant

A

implanon

170
Q

how can you see the nexplanon implant if you can’t feel it

A

x-ray

171
Q

how long is a nexplanon implant

A

length of a matchstick

172
Q

where is the nexplanon inserted

A
  • into the skin on the inner side of the upper arm
  • in the fat layer; above muscle and under skin
173
Q

what hormone is in the nexplanon

A

progestin only

174
Q

how long can you keep a nexplanon in

A

3 years

175
Q

define LARCs

A
  • long acting reversible contraceptives
  • contraceptive implants and IUDs
176
Q

what is the number 1 complaint people have with the nexplanon

A

irregular and breakthrough bleeding

177
Q

describe how the nexplanon is inserted

A
  • inserted by clinician
  • device inserts the nexplanon through a needle about the diameter of a grain of rice
178
Q

define estrodiol

A
  • medication with synthetic estrogen
  • treats breakthrough bleeding, especially for those using the nexplanon
179
Q

how much does a nexplanon cost with and without health insurance

A
  • without: $1000
  • with: $0 (thanks to ACA)
180
Q

what is the theoretical and user efficacy of the nexplanon

A

99.5%

181
Q

describe IUDs

A
  • intrauterine devices
  • small, plastic, flexible device with nylon string attached that is placed in the uterus through the cervix
  • also called IUC (intrauterine contraceptive)
182
Q

what is the theoretical and user efficacy of IUDs

A

99.7%

183
Q

what hormones are in the paragard IUD

A

none

184
Q

how long does the paragard IUD last

A

10-12 years

185
Q

what does the paragard IUD help with

A
  • only pregnancy prevention
  • does not regulate the menstrual cycle, inhibit ovulation, or protect against STIs
186
Q

how does the paragard IUD prevent pregnancy

A
  • the body and arms of the IUD are wrapped in copper microfilament which kills the sperm
  • the shape of the IUD may act as a physical barrier
187
Q

what hormones are in the mirena, skyla, kyleena, and liletta IUD

A

progestin only

188
Q

what was the first IUD approved in the US

A

mirena IUD

189
Q

how long is the mirena IUD good for

A

5 years

190
Q

who can get the mirena IUD and why

A
  • only women who have had a pregnancy before
  • the mirena is large so it may be uncomfortable for women who do not have a slightly stretched out uterus
191
Q

how long is the skyla IUD good for

A

3 years

192
Q

how does the skyla IUD compare to the mirena IUD

A

skyla is slightly smaller than the mirena

193
Q

how long is the kyleena IUD good for

A

5 years

194
Q

how long is the liletta IUD good for

A

3-6 years

195
Q

what is the smallest IUD

A

liletta

196
Q

what might the liletta IUD help with

A

menstrual migraines (association only)

197
Q

when are IUDs effective

A

immediately upon insertion

198
Q

describe the process of inserting an IUD

A
  • patient lays on the table like they are getting a pelvic exam
  • a speculum is placed into the vaginal canal
  • the cervix will be dilated using a medication called cytotec
  • the clinician will measure the depth of the cervix
  • the clinician will insert the IUD into the uterus and trim the strings
  • the clinician will confirm the placement using a vaginal ultrasound
199
Q

what does the medication cytotec do

A

dilates and softens the cervix

200
Q

how long might it take for cramping and bleeding to subside after an IUD insertion

A

48-72 hours

201
Q

describe the IUD string that hangs outside of the cervix

A
  • nylon microfilament string
  • used for removal of the IUD
202
Q

what is the cost of an IUD with and without health insurance

A
  • with: $0
  • without: $1000s
203
Q

why is the IUD nylon string one strand and not braided

A

braided nylon string can harbor bacteria and cause uterine infections

204
Q

describe what may happen if you get pregnant with an IUD

A
  • it is likely to be ectopic
  • if it is not ectopic, it will likely spontaneously terminate
  • small possibility that the pregnancy will be carried to term
205
Q

what is the second leading method of contraception for women of all ages

A

surgical contraception

206
Q

what is the leading method of contraception for married women and women over the age of 35

A

surgical contraception

207
Q

what is the efficacy of surgical contraception (assuming it was done correctly)

A

100%

208
Q

what are the two types of female sterilization

A
  • tubal ligation
  • hysterectomy
209
Q

describe tubal ligation

A
  • laparoscopic procedure
  • tying off fallopian tubes
210
Q

describe hysterectomy

A
  • can be a laparoscopic procedure
  • removal of uterus, uterus and fallopian tubes, or all internal reproductive organs
211
Q

how long does a hysterectomy typically take

A

15-20 minutes

212
Q

define partial hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus only

213
Q

define total hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus and fallopina tubes

214
Q

define radical hysterectomy

A

removal of all internal female reproductive organs

215
Q

what type of hysterectomy is performed as a method of contraception

A

partial hysterectomy (removal of uterus only)

216
Q

when would a radical hysterectomy be performed

A

to treat cancer

217
Q

what happens when you remove the ovaries in a radical hysterectomy

A
  • no estrogen is being produced anymore
  • causes menopause overnight
218
Q

what is the one type of male sterilization

A

vasectomy

219
Q

describe vasectomy

A

tying off the vas deferens

220
Q

describe the process of a vasectomy

A
  • local anesthetic used
  • takes 5 minutes
  • done in office
  • semen analysis performed after
221
Q

which is considered less invasive: female or male sterilization

A

male sterilization

222
Q

can men still ejaculate with a vasectomy

A

yes but it will not contain sperm

223
Q

how does emergency contraception work

A
  • gives an extremely large does or progestin
  • inhibits ovulation, fertilization, and implantation of an egg
224
Q

will taking emergency contraception harm an existing pregnancy

A

no, it is progestin only which will not harm a baby

225
Q

what is the efficacy of emergency contraception if taken within 24 hours

A

95%

226
Q

what is the efficacy of emergency contraception is taken within 72 hours

A

88%

227
Q

what are brand names for emergency contraception

A
  • plan B one-step
  • next choice
228
Q

how much does non-prescription emergency contraception cost

A

$40

229
Q

what emergency contraception is available by prescription only

A

ella

230
Q

how much does ella emergency contraception cost (with health insurance)

A

$0

231
Q

how long is ella emergency contraception good for

A

5 days

232
Q

what is the efficacy of ella emergency contraception within 5 days

A

95%

233
Q

can you take an emergency contraceptive pill if you are taking another hormonal bith control

A

yes

234
Q

does emergency contraception lose efficacy the more times you take it

A

no

235
Q

what is the number 1 side effect of emergency contraception

A

nausea

236
Q

how long must you keep down emergency contraception for it to work

A

2 hours

237
Q

when should you get your period after taking emergency contraception

A

the next day or up to 2 weeks

238
Q

when should you take a pregnancy test if you have not gotten your period after taking emergency contraception

A

after 2 weeks

239
Q

list behavioral methods of contraception

A
  • withdrawal
  • abstinence and “outercourse”
  • fertility awareness methods
240
Q

what is the scientific term for withdrawal

A

coitus interruptus

241
Q

what is the theoretical efficacy of withdrawal

A

80%

242
Q

what is the user efficacy of withdrawal

A

70%

243
Q

what percent of college students report using withdrawal as their method of birth control

A

25%

244
Q

what is the only method that is 100% effective against pregnancy

A

abstinence

245
Q

does abstinence protect from STIs

A

yes

246
Q

does outercourse protect from STIs

A

no, you can still get STIs through nonpenatrative sex

247
Q

what are the 3 fertility awareness methods

A
  • cervical mucus method
  • body temperature method
  • calendar method
248
Q

describe the cervical mucus method of fertility awareness

A
  • examining cervical secretions
  • secretions are thinner near ovulation
  • use the string method: pull apart fingers with cervical mucus on them, if a string can form then you are near ovulation
249
Q

describe the body temperature method of fertility awareness

A
  • checking basal body temperature
  • body temperature is warmed near ovulation (1/10 - 1 degree warmer)
  • not super reliable
250
Q

describe the calendar method of fertility awareness

A
  • tracking menstrual cycle
  • good if you have a regular cycle
251
Q

how do people generally use fertility awareness methods

A

use more than 1 at a time

252
Q

what is the efficacy of fertility awareness if using 2+ methods

A

80%

253
Q

what percent of people who have abortions have at least 1 kid already

A

30-40%

254
Q

list reasons why women choose abortions

A
  • pregnancy would reduce woman’s ability work, finish school, or care for others
  • cannot afford a(nother) baby
  • relationship issues or not wanting to be a single mother
  • completed childbearing
  • not ready for a(nother) child
  • did not want people to know she was pregnant or had sex
255
Q

what is the cutoff time for when a woman can have an abortion in the US

A

no abortions are allowed after 16 weeks (exceptions for rape/incest)

256
Q

what determines the method of abortion someone may choose

A
  • how far along they are in the pregnancy
  • comfort with different methods
257
Q

what percentage of abortions are done by woman in their 20s

A

60%

258
Q

what percent of woman will have had an abortion by age 45

A

25%

259
Q

what percent of abortions take place within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy

A

88%

260
Q

which is associated with more complications: wisdom teeth removal or abortion

A

wisdom teeth removal

261
Q

describe surgical abortions

A

abortion using surgical instruments

262
Q

how long do surgical abortions typically take

A

5 minutes

263
Q

what are the types of surgical aboritons

A
  • suction curettage
  • dilation and evacuation (D&E)
  • dilation and curettage (D&C)
264
Q

what is a curet

A
  • medical instrument
  • has a looped end
265
Q

describe suction curettage

A
  • surgical abortion
  • removal of pregnancy from the side walls of the uterus using a curet
  • suction removes all pregnancy contents from the uterus
266
Q

when would a suction curettage be performed

A

0-12 weeks of pregnancy

267
Q

how big is the pregnancy at 12 weeks of gestation

A

3-3.5 inches

268
Q

describe dilation and evacuation (D&E)

A
  • surgical abortion
  • vacuum aspiration
  • dilate cervix using medication and remove all pregnancy contents
269
Q

when would a dilation and evacuation (D&E) be performed

A

12-16 weeks of pregnancy

270
Q

how big is the pregnancy at 16 weeks of gestation

A

4-4.5 inches

271
Q

when would a dilation and curettage (D&C) be performed

A
  • 16-20 weeks of pregnancy
  • usually done to remove contents after a miscarriage
272
Q

what is the term for fetal death from 0-20 weeks

A

miscarraige

273
Q

what is the term for fetal death from 20-40 weeks

A

stillbirth

274
Q

how much do surgical abortions cost

A

$400-600

275
Q

when are abortions covered by insurance

A
  • when the mother’s life is in danger, when it is a medical emergency
  • elective abortions are not covered by insurance
276
Q

describe medication abortions

A

abortion by use of medications that block progesterone

277
Q

what medications are used for a medication abortion

A
  • mifepristone (mifeprex) and misoprostol
  • collectively called RU-486
278
Q

when are medication abortions performed and why

A
  • only performed before 12 weeks
  • after 12 weeks, the pregnancy would be too large for a woman to pass without cervix dilation
279
Q

which medication is taken first in a medication abortion

A

mifepristone

280
Q

what does mifepristone do

A
  • blocks progesterone
  • stops blood flow to the pregnancy
281
Q

which medication is taken second in a medication abortion

A

misoprostol

282
Q

how long do you wait after taking mifepristone to take misoprostol in a medication abortion

A

24 hours

283
Q

what does misoprostol do

A

starts uterine contractions to dislodge tissue

284
Q

where does a medication abortion take place

A
  • take medications in office
  • pass tissue at home
285
Q

how long can it take to pass tissue after a medication abortion

A

24-48 hours

286
Q

how long after taking a medication abortion do you need to follow up with a physician and why

A
  • follow up 1 week later
  • do ensure no tissue is retained
287
Q

describe the heart beat ban in texas

A
  • no abortions are allowed after 6 weeks (when a heartbeat can be detected)
  • there were no exceptions at first but there are now exceptions for the health of mom, rape, and incest

HLTH 334 (6 decks)

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