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HLTH 334 > Module 1: Introduction to Women's Health > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to Women's Health Flashcards

1
Q

why should we study women’s health?

A
  • general health information is androgenic (focused on men)
  • women’s health impacts future generations (taking care of children, pregnancy)
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2
Q

define androgenic and how it relates to health information

A
  • focused or centered on men
  • what we know about health was researched by and on men, centered around the male mind and body
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3
Q

what heart attack symptoms are generally associated with women?

A
  • nausea
  • back pain
  • sweating
  • jaw pain
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4
Q

is the medical model still male centered?

A

yes

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5
Q

describe the importance of thalidomide on women’s health

A
  • thalidomide was a prescription treatment for hyperemesis, often used by pregnant women
  • it ended up causes many birth defects in babies, such as limb abnormalities
  • the research on the medication was done on men, not women or pregnant women
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6
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between the 1830s and 1840s?

A

the popular health movement

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7
Q

when were women involved in health for the first time?

A
  • the popular health movement
  • 1830s and 1840s
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8
Q

what two aspects of health were women focused on during the popular health movement?

A
  • abstinence
  • diet and nutrition
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9
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between 1861 and 1865?

A

the civil war

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10
Q

when were women first involved in health care?

A
  • the civil war
  • 1861 to 1865
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11
Q

how were women involved in health care during the civil war (1861 to 1865)?

A

battlefield nurses

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12
Q

what women’s health figure was prominent during the civil war (1861 to 1865)?

A

Dorthea Dix

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13
Q

describe Dorthea Dix and her accomplishments

A
  • superintendent nurse
  • reformed mental health hospitals/asylums
  • set standards for hospitals and asylums
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14
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between 1873 and the 1890s?

A

the women’s medical movement

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15
Q

what are the important improvements in women’s health made during the women’s medical movement?

A
  • first training schools for nurses
  • women started attending medical schools
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16
Q

who was the prominent women during the women’s medical movement?

A

Elizabeth Blackwell

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17
Q

who was the first women to get a medical degree in the US? what did she specialize in?

A
  • Elizabeth Blackwell
  • OB/GYN
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18
Q

why were women not allowed to go to medical school before the women’s medical movement?

A

it was believed that women were too emotional and not analytical enough

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19
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between the 1890s and 1920s?

A

the progressive era

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20
Q

what were the hallmarks of the progressive era?

A
  • women gained the ability to vote via the 19th amendment
  • the birth control movement began
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21
Q

were women guaranteed equal rights during the progressive era?

A
  • no, and we still aren’t
  • small pieces of legislation have been passed to slowly work towards equal rights
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22
Q

when did the 19th amendment pass?

A

1920

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23
Q

when did women start trying to get the right to vote?

A

1848

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24
Q

what is included in the idea of equal rights?

A

economic, political, and social rights

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25
Q

where did the first birth control clinic open and by who?

A
  • New York City
  • Margaret Sanger
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26
Q

describe the process of Margaret Sanger starting the first birth control clinic

A
  • opened her clinic
  • was arrested for corruption
  • was overturned on appeal
  • was decided that she could only give birth control to married women with a doctor’s note
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27
Q

what happened to Margaret Sanger’s first birth control clinic?

A

it became planned parenthood

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28
Q

what practice did Margaret Sanger believe that many think to be bad and discriminatory?

A

eugenics based on SES

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29
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between the 1930s and 1950s?

A

world war II and the postwar years

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30
Q

what was the major effect of world war II on women’s health?

A

women entered the workforce to fill in for men who had been drafted

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31
Q

what happened to women after world war II ended?

A

most women lost their jobs

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32
Q

how many women lost their jobs when world war II ended?

A

18 million

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33
Q

why was working during world war II so important for women if they lost their jobs when it ended?

A

it gave women a taste of what it could be like to be self-sufficient and live a life outside of the home

34
Q

what report was conducted during world war II and post war years era?

A

the Kinsey report

35
Q

what did the Kinsey report conclude?

A
  • women have sex and can enjoy it
  • women have sex before marriage
36
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred between the 1960s and 1970s?

A

the grassroots movement

37
Q

what were three important things that happened during the grassroots movement?

A
  • FDA approved the birth control pill
  • civil rights act, title VII
  • creation of the congressional caucus for women’s issues
38
Q

when was the birth control pill approved?

A

1960

39
Q

what were forms of contraception used before the birth control pill?

A
  • condoms
  • diaphragm
40
Q

did all women have access to the birth control pill in 1960?

A
  • no, only those who were married
  • unmarried access was given in the 1970s
41
Q

what was the significance of the civil right act, title VII?

A

protected women against employment discrimination

42
Q

describe the congressional caucus for women’s issues that was created during the grassroots movement

A
  • subcommittee in congress
  • worked on issues surrounding family planning, breast/ovarian cancer, infertility
  • only women were involved after the creation
43
Q

what women’s health movement/event occurred in the 1980s?

A

changing of public policy

44
Q

what happened during the changing of public policy in the 1980s?

A
  • office of research on women’s health was created
  • the women’s health equity act was created
45
Q

what was the purpose of the office of research on women’s health?

A
  • ensure women’s access and entrance into clinical trials
  • promote women in STEM
46
Q

what was the purpose of the women’s health equity act?

A
  • delegated money for women’s health research (contraception, infertility, breast/ovarian cancer)
  • Medicaid coverage of pap smear screening and mammography
47
Q

define feminism

A

the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and social rights and opportunities as men

48
Q

are all feminists women

A
  • no
  • can be anyone, men or women
49
Q

describe the first wave of feminism

A
  • late 19th and early 20th century (1800s to early 1900s)
  • suffragists and abolitionists
50
Q

describe the second wave of feminism

A
  • 1960s and 1970s
  • specific, political injustices and inequalities
  • focused on the lack of reproductive freedom and job discrimination
  • roe v wade in 1973
51
Q

describe the third wave of feminism

A
  • 1980s and 1990s
  • examining all areas of society from a feminist perspective
  • focused on sexual harassment, the wage gap, domestic violence/IPV, access to abortion
52
Q

what organization is the office of research on women’s health (ORWH) apart of

A

national institute of health (NIH)

53
Q

why is the office of research on women’s health (ORWH) important

A
  • women get different diseases than men
  • the same diseases affect men and women differently
  • social and cultural factors affect the health of men and women in different ways
54
Q

what are the positives of the investment in biomedical research

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • improved health through the life span, quality of life
  • decreased cost of illness
  • increased understanding of biological, psychological, and sociological factors
55
Q

how has life expectancy changed from the 1700s to now

A
  • 1700s: 28
  • now: 70s
56
Q

what are the life expectancies of men and women

A
  • men: 74
  • women: 78
57
Q

what specific methods of improving women’s health and quality of life are underused and underfunded in the US

A
  • prevention
  • most money is spent on treatment of illnesses rather than prevention measures
58
Q

list 5 gender-related differences between men and women

A
  • heart disease
  • depression
  • osteoporosis
  • smoking
  • sexually transmitted infections
59
Q

what is the number one leading cause of death for both men and women in the US

A

heart disease

60
Q

how many more women does heart disease kill than men per year

A

kills 50,000 more women than men per year

61
Q

when does heart disease typically begin in men and women

A
  • starts 10 years later in women than in men
  • men: 40s to 50s
  • women: 50s to 60s
62
Q

what are some biological factors that cause heart disease to be more dangerous for women than men

A
  • heart disease strikes 10 years later for women, making it harder for the body to overcome and adapt to treatments
  • women have higher chances of a second heart attack within 1 year
63
Q

what are some social factors that cause heart disease to be more dangerous for women than men

A
  • there is less of an understanding of the symptoms of heart disease in women than in men causing it to be under-diagnosed
  • aggressive treatments tend to be prescribed less for women than for men
64
Q

how much more likely are women to have depression than men

A

2-3x more likely

65
Q

how much more likely are women to have anxiety than men

A

5x more likely

66
Q

what are biological and social causes of depression being more prevalent in women than in men

A
  • biological: women (XX chromosomes) have 10% less serotonin than men (XY)
  • social: social expectations and pressures
67
Q

define osteoporosis

A

demineralization of bone

68
Q

what percent of people with osteoporosis are women

A

80%

69
Q

why do women have higher rates of osteoporosis

A
  • estrogen helps maintain bone density
  • estrogen levels drop off significantly following menopause
70
Q

describe how smoking more negatively affects women than men

A
  • more negative effects on CV health
  • less successful in quitting
  • more severe withdrawal symptoms (headache, moodiness, anxiety, increased food intake)
71
Q

how much more likely are women to contract an STI when exposed

A

2x more likely

72
Q

how much more likely are women to contract HIV when exposed

A

10x more likely

73
Q

why are women more likely to contract STIs

A
  • women have a larger surface area where bacteria or viruses can invade
  • for men to be infected, the pathogen has to enter the urethra
  • for women to be infected, the pathogen has to touch the mucous membrane walls of the vagina
74
Q

when was roe v wade enacted and when was it overturned

A
  • enacted 1/22/1973
  • overturned 6/24/2022
75
Q

describe the Mexico city policy (global gag rule)

A
  • foreign family planning agencies may not receive US assistance if they provide certain services related to abortion
  • rescinded and reinstated many times over the years (rescinded by democrats and reinstated by republicans)
76
Q

list barrier to healthcare access

A
  • low SES
  • language barriers and illiteracy
  • unfair treatment by medical personnel due to race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation
  • decline of coverage for healthcare costs deemed experimental (often cancer drugs)
  • fear of doctors leading to avoidance of health care
77
Q

what is the national language of the US

A
  • the US does not have a national language
  • English in predominant
78
Q

list global threats to women’s health

A
  • poverty
  • underweight and malnutrition
  • HIV/AIDS
  • violence
  • maternal morbidity and mortality
79
Q

list global violations of human rights

A
  • domestic and societal violence
  • honor killings
  • trafficking for sex or service
  • barriers to reproductive health services
80
Q

who usually carries out an honor killing

A

young male family member

HLTH 334 (6 decks)

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