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HLTH 334 > Module 2: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention > Flashcards

Module 2: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

define health promotion and disease prevention

A
  • efforts to actively bring people to good health and keep them there
  • prevent disease and injury
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2
Q

what are the two levels of health promotion and disease prevention

A
  • individual level
  • population level
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3
Q

what do most new years resolutions focus on

A
  • health
  • # 1 is weight loss
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4
Q

describe the approach used for the individual level of health promotion and disease prevention

A
  • health education
  • changing individual’s thought processes, lifestyle, and behaviors
  • narrower reach and more tailored than population level
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5
Q

describe the approach used for the population level of health promotion and disease prevention

A
  • public health
  • government policy change, non-profits, large scale programs
  • broader reach and less tailored than individual level
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6
Q

does the US spend more money and time on preventing health problems or fixing them

A
  • fixing them
  • the US is great at treatment once a disease or injury has occurred, but little effort is put into prevention
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7
Q

why is injury and disease prevention better than just fixing the problem after it occurs

A

prevention is more effective, cheaper, and less painful (physically, mentally, and emotionally)

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8
Q

what is the economic benefit of STI/HIV prevention programs

A

each $1 spent saves $2.65 on medical (testing and treatment) and social (missing work, etc.) costs

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9
Q

what is the economic benefit of pap tests

A

cost of 100 tests saves $6000 and 3.5 years of life

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10
Q

what is the economic benefit of preconception care programs for women with diabetes

A

every $1 spent saves $1.86 by preventing birth defects

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11
Q

define epidemiology

A
  • the study of patterns of disease in a population
  • tracking trends, identifying at risk populations
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12
Q

define incidence

A

the number of new cases (usually counted as within the past week) of disease/injury

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13
Q

define prevalence

A

the number of total cases of disease/injury

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14
Q

define morbidity

A

incidence and prevalence of disease/injury

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15
Q

define mortality

A

incidence and prevalence of death from disease/injury

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16
Q

what was HIV originally called in the 1980s

A
  • GRID
  • gay related immunodeficiency
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17
Q

what are the levels of prevention

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
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18
Q

define primary prevention

A
  • true prevention
  • reducing the exposure to a risk factor that may lead to the disease
  • stopping the disease before it ever happens
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19
Q

examples of primary prevention

A
  • vaccines
  • wearing a seatbelt
  • regular physical activity
  • handwashing
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20
Q

define secondary prevention

A
  • screening and medication adherence
  • early detection and prompt treatment of disease
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21
Q

examples of secondary prevention

A
  • MRIs, covid tests, mammography
  • prompt use of medications after a disease is diagnosed
  • lifestyle behaviors to control chronic diseases that cannot be prevented (diabetes, asthma)
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22
Q

define tertiary prevention

A
  • treatment
  • takes place once a disease has advanced
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23
Q

examples of tertiary prevention

A
  • alleviating pain and providing comfort to cancer patient
  • halting progression of illness such as emphysema
  • limiting disability after a serious injury such as a fall
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24
Q

how many US women will be Hispanic by 2030

A

1 in 5 (20%)

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25
Q

how many US women will be Hispanic by 2050

A

1 in 4 (25%)

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26
Q

how many US women will be Asian by 2030

A

1 in 14 (7%)

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27
Q

how many US women will be over the age of 65 by 2030

A

1 in 4 (25%)

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28
Q

describe the difference between race and ethnicity

A
  • race: biologically driven
  • ethnicity: socially driven through culture/heritage
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29
Q

is the percent of US people who are white increasing or decreasing

A

decreasing

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30
Q

is the percent of US people who are Hispanic increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

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31
Q

is the percent of US people who are black increasing or decreasing

A

staying constant

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32
Q

is the percent of US people who are Asian increasing or decreasing

A

increasing

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33
Q

what is the percent growth of Hispanic people in the US from 1995 to 2030

A

70% increase

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34
Q

what is the percent growth of Asian people in the US from 1995 to 2030

A

50% increase

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35
Q

what is the fastest growing racial/ethnic population in the US

A

Hispanics (70% growth)

36
Q

what percent of the US population is black

A

12-14%

37
Q

what percent of the US population is native american

A

0.8%

38
Q

describe how white people will be a majority minority by 2050

A
  • white people will make up about 40% of the total US population by 2050
  • majority because they are the most populous racial/ethnic group
  • minority because they are less than 50% of the total population
39
Q

what are effects of women delaying marriage and family to focus on their careers

A
  • infertility increases with age
  • will be parenting at an older age
40
Q

when are women at peak fertility

A

early 20s

41
Q

when does the chance of pregnancy start to dramatically decrease

A

age 35

42
Q

what is the percent chance of pregnancy at age 40

A

5%

43
Q

what are the effects of parenting at an older age

A
  • difficult physically and mentally on the parent
  • must be conscious of careful family planning
44
Q

describe the trend of teenage mothers in Texas and in the US

A
  • Texas: number of teenage pregnancies is falling
  • US: highest teenage pregnancy rate of all developing nations, highest rates in southern states
45
Q

what are the effects of being a teenage mother

A
  • childbearing responsibilities
  • difficulty staying in education
  • grandparents may be raising children
46
Q

which parent generally takes most of the childbearing respoinsibilities in a teenage pregnancy

A

mother

47
Q

describe the trend of women deciding not to have children

A
  • slowly increasing
  • unheard of 100 years ago but becoming more common
48
Q

why do many women decide to not have children

A

continue pursuing their career or other opportunities

49
Q

what was the average age of US first time mothers in 1970 and 2014

A
  • 1970: 22
  • 2014: 26
  • increase of 4 years
50
Q

what has the increase in age been for first time mothers in the US across all races and ethnicities from 2000 to 2014

A

generally about 1.5 years

51
Q

which race/ethnicity is the oldest before having their first child

A
  • asian/pacific islander
  • age 30
52
Q

what race/ethnicity is the youngest before having their first child

A
  • native american/alaska native
  • age 23
53
Q

describe the relationship between education level and age of becoming a mother

A

as education increases, women wait longer to have children

54
Q

what is the median age for having a first child for women with a high school or less education, two year degree, bachelors degree, and masters degree

A
  • high school or less: 24
  • two year degree: 25
  • bachelors degree: 28
  • masters degree: 30
55
Q

describe barriers to healthcare for lesbian women

A
  • belief that routine gynecological care or contraception to protect from STIs is not needed (you can get STIs still from oral sex)
  • homophobia from healthcare providers
56
Q

what percent of disease burden worldwide are caused by the ten leading risk factors

A

40%

57
Q

what is the #1 leading risk factor for disease

A

tobacco use

58
Q

list three leading risk factors for disease

A
  • tobacco use
  • diet and exercise
  • inhaling smoke from fires
59
Q

what conditions can you get from inhaling smoke from fires

A
  • COPD
  • emphysema
60
Q

which gender has a greater risk of inhaling smoke from fires in the home and why

A
  • women
  • women tend to spend more time in the home than men
61
Q

how many deaths globally are related to childbirth

A

300,000

62
Q

what percent of global childbirth deaths are in developing countries

A

99%

63
Q

are infectious diseases a larger problem in developing or developed countries and why

A
  • developing countries
  • lack of hygiene, education, medications, and vaccines
64
Q

list the 10 leading causes of death globally

A
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • COPD
  • lower respiratory disease
  • bronchial disease
  • HIV/AIDS
  • diarrheal disease
  • diabetes
  • road injury
  • hypertensive disorders
65
Q

list the 10 leading causes of death in the US

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • accidents
  • lower respiratory disease
  • stroke
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • diabetes
  • flu and pneumonia
  • kidney diseases
  • suicide
66
Q

describe similarities and differences between the 10 leading causes of death globally and in the US

A
  • similarities: both #1 is heart disease
  • differences: globally has HIV/AIDS and diarrheal disease, US has Alzheimer’s disease
67
Q

what is the only infectious disease in the 10 leading causes of death in the US

A

flu and pneumonia

68
Q

what are the ages of adolescence

A

puberty to 17

69
Q

when does puberty typically start for girls

A
  • 12 to 13
  • has been getting younger
  • can start later- up to 20
70
Q

describe the characteristics of adolescense

A
  • secondary sex characteristics form
  • girls begin menstruation
  • sense of identity begins developing
  • peer pressure
  • risky behaviors
71
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in women

A
  • characteristics that arise after puberty
  • breast tissue, wider hips, public and underarm hair
72
Q

what risky behaviors to adolescents engage in

A
  • sexual relations
  • substance use (alcohol, smoking)
  • tattooing and piercing
73
Q

list the top 6 causes of death for adolescent females

A
  • unintentional injuries (car crash #1)
  • cancer
  • suicide
  • birth defects
  • heart disease
  • homicide
74
Q

what are the ages of young adulthood

A

20-44

75
Q

describe the characteristics of young adulthood

A
  • sense of self cements with increased independence
  • risky behaviors
76
Q

what risky behaviors do young adults engage in

A
  • sexual activity
  • substance abuse (increasing from adolescence)
  • poor nutrition
  • lack of exercise
77
Q

list the top 5 causes of death for young adult women

A
  • unintentional injuries
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • suicide
  • homicide
78
Q

what are the ages of middle adulthood

A

45-64

79
Q

describe the characteristics of middle adulthood

A
  • job advancement and establishment of productive career
  • raising children
  • caring for elderly parents
  • working to keep healthy relationships
  • menopause in women
80
Q

what happens during menopause

A

the body drastically lowers production of estrogen

81
Q

list the top 5 causes of death for women in midlife

A
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • unintentional injuries
  • chronic lower respiratory disease
  • diabetes
82
Q

what are the ages of seniors

A

65+

83
Q

describe the characteristics of senior years

A
  • issues of retirement
  • possible loss of spouse and friends
  • depression
  • chronic conditions
84
Q

who has a higher life expectancy: men or women

A

women

85
Q

list the top 5 causes of death for people 65-84

A
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • chronic lower respiratory diseases
  • stroke
  • Alzheimer’s disease
86
Q

list the top 5 causes of death for people 85+

A
  • heart disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • cancer
  • stroke
  • chronic lower respiratory disease

HLTH 334 (6 decks)

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