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SCIENCE 11 > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the basic unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

smallest structure that exhibits almost all known properties or
attributes of being alive

A

cell

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3
Q

cells arise from the
division of other pre-existing cells

A

cell theory

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4
Q

two cell cycle

A

mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

process where cell grows, synthesize
mRNA and proteins

A

Gap phase 1 (G1)

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6
Q

DNA synthesis occurs

A

S (synthesis) phase

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7
Q

cell continues to grow further; makes proteins and organelles (i.e.
centrosomes); cell reorganizes its contents as
preparation

A

G2 phase

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8
Q

DNA wraps around
histones to develop a more compact
shape

A

chromosome

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9
Q

same
genetic information

A

sister chromatids

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10
Q

useful for equal
separation

A

kinetochore

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11
Q

holds the sister
chromatids together

A

centromere

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12
Q

produces microtubules

A

centrosome

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13
Q

DNA starts to condense; from chromatins into
chromosomes and centrosomes extend their microtubules

A

Prophase

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14
Q

late prophase

A

prometaphase

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15
Q

nuclear envelope starts to break apart;
extending microtubules attaches to the kinetochore

A

prometaphase

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16
Q

chromosomes lines up in the middle along the mitotic plate

A

metaphase

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17
Q

chromosomes move apart;

each sister chromatid have the same genetic information content;

resulting chromatids, now called chromosomes, move at the end of each pole

A

anaphase

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18
Q

chromosomes pulled to the opposite ends of the cell

A

telophase

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19
Q

chromosomes decondense; mitotic spindle breaks
down, nuclear membranes reform

A

telophase

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20
Q

nucleus is formed

A

telophase

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21
Q

cleavage furrow separates the cell into two daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

overlaps with anaphase and telophase

A

cytokinesis

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23
Q

resting phase

A

G0 phase

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24
Q

cellular state outside the repetitive cell cycle;

cells no longer need to divide or have not
received any signals that they must divide

nerve cells and heart cells no longer need to
divide again

A

G0 phase

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25
Q

produce 2 identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

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26
Q

cell divides twice to produce four
cells containing half the original amount of
genetic information

A

meiosis

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27
Q

destined to be sex cells/gametes/sperm and egg

A

meiosis

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28
Q

chromosomes undergo synapsis - chromosomes
from mother and father are coming together,
wrapping around each other

A

prophase 1

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29
Q

crossing over occurs - the lined up
chromosomes exchange some segments of their
chromosomes

A

prophase 1

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30
Q

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

A

metaphase 1

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31
Q

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

A

metaphase 1

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32
Q

mitotic spindle attaches to the centromere of the
homologous chromosomes

A

metaphase 1

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33
Q

chromosomes are pulled apart; migrate to opposite
poles

A

anaphase 1

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34
Q

new nuclei are formed in each side of the pole; whole cell is fully divided

A

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

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35
Q

chromosomes condense again

nuclear membrane breaks down

new set of mitotic spindle forms; no crossing over

A

prophase 2

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36
Q

four haploid cells created
nuclear membrane reforms; spindle fibers
disappear

A

telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2

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37
Q

division of body cells

A

mitosis

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38
Q

division of sex cells

A

meiosis

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39
Q

division of cell occurs once

A

mitosis

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40
Q

division of cell occurs twice

A

meiosis

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41
Q

two daughter cells are produced

A

mitosis

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42
Q

four daughter cells are produced

A

meiosis

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43
Q

daughter cells resulting from mitosis

A

diploid

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44
Q

daughter cells resulting from meiosis

A

haploid

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45
Q

daughter cells produced are genetically identical

A

mitosis

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46
Q

daughter cells produced are genetically diverse

A

meiosis

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47
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves the division of sex cells.

The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.

Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and cytoplasmic division, while four daughter cells are produced after meiosis.

Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid, while those resulting from meiosis are haploid.

Daughter cells that are the product of mitosis are genetically identical. Daughter cells produced after meiosis are genetically diverse.

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48
Q

first possible error occurs in meiosis 1

A

when homologous chromosomes
fail to separate; one cell is produced with both
homologs; results in trisomy and monosomy

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49
Q

second possible error in meiosis 2

A

if a sister chromatid fails to
separate
results to 2 abnormal cells

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50
Q

observed in green algae

A

haplontic life cycle

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51
Q

haplontic life cycle is called

A

zygotic meiosis

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52
Q

Fusion of gametes to produce the diploid zygote

A

haplontic life cycle

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52
Q

observed in humans and seed bearing plants; majority plants and animals

A

diplontic life cycle

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52
Q

what is haploid

A

contains a single set of chromosomes

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53
Q

what is diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

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53
Q

zygote grows by mitosis to form a fully functional multicellular organism

A

diplontic life cycle

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54
Q

a gamete can unite with another one and form a diploid zygote

A

diplontic life cycle

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55
Q

Alternation of generations

A

haplodiplontic or diplohaplontic life cycle

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56
Q

diploid zygote grows by mitosis to become the multicellular sporophyte

A

sporophytic generation

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57
Q

asexual phase of haplodiplontic cycle

A

sporophytic generation

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58
Q

sexual phase of haplodiplontic cycle

A

gametophytic generation

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59
Q

produces gametes by mitosis -> fuse to form diploid zygote

A

gametophytic generation

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60
Q

“The only method that will allow a co-evolving species to maintain its own share of the resources is to also continually improve its fitness”

A

red queen hypothesis

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61
Q

units of information about specific traits; segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait

A

genes

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62
Q

different molecular forms of a gene/sequence

A

alleles

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63
Q

usually masks a recessive allele that is paired with it

A

dominant allele

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64
Q

will only manifest if in the
homozygous condition

A

recessive allele

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65
Q

having 2 identical alleles at a locus (BB or bb)

A

homozygous

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66
Q

having 2 different alleles at a locus (Bb)

A

heterozygous

67
Q

particular genes in individual carriers; genetic information

A

genotype

68
Q

individual’s observable traits

A

phenotype

69
Q

an individual inherits a unit of information (allele) about a trait from each parent

A

mendel’s principle of segregation

70
Q

genetic mix between two F1 heterozygotes

A

monohybrid cross

71
Q

between individuals that are homozygous for different versions of two traits

A

dihybrid cross

72
Q

the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I (this is only true for genes that are on different chromosomes)

A

mendel’s principle of independent assortment

73
Q

two true-breeding parents crossed to produce an intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous)

A

incomplete dominance

74
Q

the variants (alleles) are not expressed as dominant or recessive; rather, the dominant allele is expressed in a reduced ratio

A

incomplete dominance

75
Q

Two alleles (IA and IB) are codominant when paired

A

codominance

76
Q

Single gene may have phenotypic effects (sickle cell diseases caused by an allele at the gene for hemoglobin)

A

pleiotropy

77
Q

dili sya completely makadominate; ang offspring is mixed

A

incomplete dominance

78
Q

mushow sila both

A

codominance

79
Q

1 gene equals to many trait

A

pleiotropy

80
Q

many genes interact with each other and with the environment to influence a single trait

A

polygenic inheritance

81
Q

entirely linked on the x or y chromosome

A

sex-linked genes

82
Q

if female, dapat both dominant pala mushow; if male, kahit usa ra ang dominant mushow ghapon

A

sex influenced traits

83
Q

affect the shape of the red blood cell, this defect causes physical weakness, heart failure, impaired mental function, pneumonia, rheumatism, and kidney failure

A

pleiotropy

84
Q

the greater the number of genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous the variation in versions of that trait

A

polygenic inheritance

85
Q

many influencers to a single trait

A

polygenic inheritance

86
Q

some human traits occur as a few discrete types

A

human variation

87
Q

traits whose genes are found in the X or Y chromosome only

A

sex linked genes

88
Q

a serious X-linked recessive condition - inability of the blood to clot because the gene does not code for the necessary clotting agents

A

hemophilia A

89
Q

genes found only on the Y chromosome

A

y-linked (holandric)

90
Q

will manifest only in males since they are the ones with the Y chromosome

A

y-linked (holandric)

91
Q

Traits can be expressed genotypically in the homozygous or heterozygous conditions but the expression of dominance is affected by the sex of the individual involved

A

sex influenced traits

92
Q

offspring will have hereditary material uniform with the hereditary material of the parent organism - will be genetically alike unless mutation occurs

A

asexual reproduction

93
Q

a new duplicate plant or animal begins to form at the side of the parent and enlarges until an individual is created

A

budding

94
Q

the ability to restore lost or damaged tissues, organs, or limbs

A

regeneration

95
Q

a type of cell division where one organism becomes 2 complete organisms (binary and transverse)

A

fission

96
Q

An unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal

A

pathogenesis

97
Q

Asexual plant propagation methods that produce new plants from the vegetative parts of the original plant, such as the leaves, stems, and roots

A

vegetative propagation

98
Q

Parent plant produces hundreds of tiny spores which can grow into new organisms

A

spore formation

99
Q
A
100
Q

Widespread occurrence ranging from the simplest to the most complex of organisms

A

sexual production

100
Q

hermaproditic

A

monoecious reproduction

100
Q

both male and female gonads can be found in only one organism

A

monoecious reproduction

101
Q

fusion of gametes

A

fertilization

101
Q

an organism have the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

A

dioecious reproduction

102
Q

gametes meet outside the parent’s body with or without physical contact; gametes are released into the water simultaneously

A

external fertilization

102
Q

union of egg and sperm occurs within the body of the female

A

internal fertilization

103
Q

protandrous species develop first as males but could become females

A

gender bending

104
Q

sex reversal

A

gender bending

104
Q

sequential hermaproditism

A

gender bending

105
Q

COURTSHIP FOR SUCCESSFUL MATING

A

Visual and ritual displays, bringing gifts, fighting for the female

106
Q

Certain ecological principles govern the growth and sustainability of all populations including human population

A

population ecology

107
Q

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area

A

population

108
Q

size or count of the population

A

population in terms of numbers

109
Q

no. of individuals/area

A

population in terms of density

110
Q

spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat

A

distribution or dispersion

110
Q

proportionate numbers of people in different age categories for a defined time

A

age structure

111
Q
A
112
Q
A
113
Q

number of individuals added through reproduction

A

natality

113
Q

the study of the size and distribution of biodiversity over space and time

A

biogeography

113
Q

the study of the vital statistics that affect population size

A

demography

114
Q

births per 1000

A

crude birth rate

114
Q

average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime

A

total fertility rate

115
Q

death per 100

A

crude death rate

115
Q

number of individuals removed through death

A

mortality

116
Q

Number of individuals in a specific area (or volume) of habitat (i.e. individuals/km km2; individuals/ml)

A

density

117
Q

involves no further clarifications, no idea how many males or females; no info on how many are in the pre-reproductive category

A

crude density

118
Q

the most common type where more individuals will be present in areas that are favorable to them

A

clumped

119
Q

May happen when there is competitive interactions between individuals

A

uniform

120
Q

Occurs when there is less competition due to availability of resources

A

random

121
Q

limiting factors become more intense as population size increases; usually biological in nature

A

density dependent

122
Q

factors unaffected by population density; usually physical in nature

A

density independent

123
Q

population size increase

A

through births (B) and immigration (I)

124
Q

population size decrease

A

through deaths (D) and emigration (E)

125
Q

No. of years by which a population doubles; calculate the doubling time for a population in years

A

rule of 70

126
Q

Result of interaction between natality (birth) and mortality (death) showing the population profile–growth or decline in populations in various age classes

A

population age structure

127
Q

intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources (maximum rate of increase per individual under conditions with no environmental pressures to the population)

A

biotic potential

128
Q

K = max number of individuals that can be sustained in a particular habitat

A

carrying capacity

129
Q

give 5 environmental resistance

A

Decreasing O2 supply
Lack of food, water, suitable habitat
Adverse weather conditions
Disease, Predators, parasites, competitors

130
Q

Patterns of timing of reproduction and survivorship

A

survivorship curves

131
Q

survivorship curve from late loss

A

type 1

132
Q

survivorship curve from early loss

A

type 3

133
Q

survivorship curve from constant loss

A

type 2

134
Q

Rectangular survivorship on semilogarithmic plot:
little mortality until old age, then fairly steep
mortality

A

type 1

135
Q

Diagonal line: relatively constant death rates
with age

A

type 2

136
Q

Inverse hyperbolic: extremely steep juvenile
mortality, then relatively high survivorship
afterward

A

type 3

137
Q

discrete heritable units that are
passed on from parent to offspring

A

genes

138
Q

alternative forms of the same
gene; found in chromosomes

A

alleles

139
Q

has no noticeable effect in the presence of the dominant
allele

A

recessive allele

140
Q

have short stature, with an average adult
height of 4 feet, 3.8 inches for males and 4
feet, 0.6 inches for females

A

Achondroplasia

141
Q

a congenital physical anomaly in humans, dogs, cats and having supernumerary fingers or toes

A

polydactyly

142
Q

the complete set of genetic
information contained within the
individuals in a population

A

gene pool

142
Q

a real population must be compared with an
idealized population where the allelic frequencies do
not change

A

hardy-weinberg principle

143
Q

implications of hardy-weinberg law

A

A population CANNOT evolve if it meets the Hardy-Weinberg assumption

when a population is in HWE, the genotypic frequencies are determined by the
allelic frequencies

144
Q

assumptions

A
  • diploid organism
  • sexual reproduction
  • non-overlapping generations
  • random mating
  • large population size
  • equal allele frequencies in the sexes
  • no migration
  • no mutation
  • no selection
145
Q

real populations are rarely at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, so their allele frequencies change, which lead to evolution

A
  • mutation
  • genetic drift
  • migration
  • natural selection
  • non-random mating
146
Q

may be neutral, detrimental or advantageous,
depending on the environment (environmental
changes may favor different alleles than those
previously favored)

A

mutation

146
Q

when the frequency of an existing gene variant in the population changes due to
random chance

A

genetic drift

147
Q

Factors that Cause Genetic Drift

A

bottleneck effect and founder effect

148
Q

a drastic reduction in population (caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
landslides, etc.)

A

bottleneck effect

149
Q

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population

A

founder effect

150
Q

gene movement and is referred to as gene flow

A

migration

151
Q

two major effects on a population of gene flow

A
  • May introduce new alleles to a population
  • When migrants have different allelic frequency than recipient population, allelic
    frequencies will be altered in the recipient population
152
Q

Success in reproduction based on heritable traits
results in selected alleles being passed to
relatively more offspring (Darwinian inheritance

A

natural selection

153
Q

effects over vast spans of time, can produce
new species from ancestral species

A

natural selection

154
Q

when a particular phenotype is preferred in mates, genotype frequencies will be affected

A

non-random mating

155
Q

mating occurs when
individuals with similar phenotypes mate
preferentially

A

positive assortative

156
Q

mating occurs when
phenotypically dissimilar individuals mate
preferentially

A

negative assortative

157
Q

occurs when closely related individuals
mate with each other

A

inbreeding

SCIENCE 11 (7 decks)

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