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SCIENCE 11 > BIODIVERSITY > Flashcards

BIODIVERSITY Flashcards

1
Q

Variation and richness of life at a particular scale/level

A

Biodiversity

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2
Q

Coined by Walter Rozen in 1985 and first used in 1988 by E.O. Wilson

A

Biodiversity

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3
Q

variability among living organisms from the land, the seas, and the ecological complexes (Convention on Biological Diversity or CBD)

A

Biodiversity

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4
Q

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

A

genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity

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5
Q

sum total of information contained in the genes of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms; genetic variation within a species

A

genetic diversity

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6
Q

the number and relative proportions of different species, and their distribution and functions or interactions within a given spatial context

A

species diversity

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7
Q

distribution and abundance of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere

A

ecosystem diversity

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8
Q

total number of species

A

species richness

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9
Q

relative abundance/proportion of species

A

species evenness

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10
Q

describes the type of elements and the number of representatives present at each level in an area

A

compositional biodiversity

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11
Q

describes the variety of arrangement of these components -> how components are structured

A

structural biodiversity

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12
Q

the variety of biological processes, functions or characteristics of a particular ecosystem/area; variety of processes which occur due to interaction of species with each other and their environment

A

functional biodiversity

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13
Q

i.e. genetic composition of a population, kinds of habitats and communities across a specified landscape

A

compositional biodiversity

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14
Q

i.e. spatial biodiversity such as the vertical layering of trees, temporal fluctuations such as how dynamics of a fish species can change depending on the season

A

structural biodiversity

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15
Q

i.e. nutrient cycling, pollination, predation, parasitism

A

functional biodiversity

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16
Q

Potential for different lifeforms to provide information necessary for science, materials that are useful to humans, and all other recreational, medical, or consumptive benefits

A

anthropocentric benefits

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17
Q

protect a certain species or ecosystem, just in case it turns out to be useful

A

Anthropocentric nature of humans

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18
Q

services that ecosystems perform for humanity

A

ecosystem services

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19
Q

purifying water and air, pollinating crops, stabilizing soil, maintaining a proper heat balance in the atmosphere, and cycling critical nutrients

A

ecocentric benefits

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20
Q

knowing that a healthy coral reef system or a tropical forest is present can already be fulfilling the need to protect these

A

intrinsic value

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21
Q

MEASURING AND MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

A

(1) measure actual processes (2) surrogate approaches

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22
Q

surrogate approaches

A

keystone, umbrella, indicator, flagship

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23
Q

larger impact on the ecosystem (relative to its abundance)
impact becomes apparent once removed from an ecosystem
without them, an ecosystem would dramatically differ or would even cease to exist altogether

A

keystone species

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24
Q

require large areas of habitat or home range – their protection might automatically protect many co-occurring species and the ecosystems and habitat types that go with these species

A

umbrella species

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25
Q

species that set a benchmark against which comparisons can be made after a period of time

A

indicator species

26
Q

popular, charismatic species that serve as symbols and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and action

A

flagship species

27
Q

a place on Earth that is both biologically rich and deeply threatened due to habitat loss by human activity

A

biodiversity hotspot

28
Q

represent less than 3% of the Earth’s land surface but hold more than 50% of the world’s endemic vascular plant species, and nearly 43% of endemic land vertebrates (a combination of bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species)

A

biodiversity hotspot

29
Q

6th biodiversity hotspot

A

Philippines

30
Q

suggested in 1988 by Norman Myers due to the growing concern about the rapid loss of endemic species and habitat

A

biodiversity hotspot

31
Q

a gene, a species, or an ecosystem is only found or only lives in a particular region of the world—the loss of its kind means that it is lost forever

A

endemism

32
Q

covers endemism at the species, genetic, and ecosystem levels in any area or region with exceptionally high biodiversity

A

biodiversity hotspot

33
Q

areas with a low species diversity but are also home to rare species in threatened habitats

A

biodiversity coldspot

34
Q

to ensure that the largest percentage of species are protected; to know where species are found & understand the factors that led to this non-random distribution of species

A

distribution of biodiversity

35
Q

large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions

A

ecoregions

36
Q

no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died

A

extinct EX

37
Q

known only to survive in cultivation or in captivity; Let go to the wild to populate

A

extinct in the wild EW

38
Q

evidence (severe population decline, very small population, very small geographic area occupied) indicates it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 10 years to be >50%

A

critically endangered CR

39
Q

evidences (large population decline, small population, small geographic area occupied) indicate a very high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 20 years to be >20%

A

endangered EN

40
Q

evidences (large population decline, small population, small geographic area occupied) indicate a very high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 20 years to be at least 10%

A

vulnerable VU

41
Q

after evaluation, does not qualify for CE, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future

A

near threatened NT

42
Q

does not qualify for CE, EN, VU, or NT; widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category

A

least concern LC

43
Q

info is inadequate to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status

A

Data deficient DD

44
Q

has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

A

not evaluated NE

45
Q

reasons for high diversity and endemicity:

A

tropical location, a highly heterogeneous and complex topography, isolation
created by separate islands, and rugged topography

46
Q

the decline or disappearance of biological diversity; worldwide extinction of different species; local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat

A

biodiversity loss

47
Q

causes of biodiversity loss

A
  • population growth resulting to overharvesting
  • habitat loss: (1) deforestation; (2) loss of mangrove species; (3) urbanization
  • invasive alien species (IAS)
  • environmental pollution
  • climate change
48
Q

major cause of deforestation

A

agriculture

49
Q

cause species reduction
also contributes to climate change
causes water to return more quickly to the water cycle

A

logging operations

50
Q

mangroves threatened due to agricultural and commercial expansion

A

loss of mangrove species

51
Q

the growth of cities may lead to losses in biodiversity through fragmentation or destruction of large areas of natural habitat on which many species depend

A

urbanization

52
Q

when a living species not commonly found in a specific location becomes dominant

A

invasive alien species

53
Q

“species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution threatens biological diversity”

A

IAS

54
Q

toxic chemicals from industry, excess nutrients and pesticides from farms, scattered
trash from landfills, and smog in city skies
main sources are agriculture and transport
nitrogen and phosphorus are major drivers of biodiversity loss
when nitrogen reaches critical load, it damages biodiversity –> eutrophication (highly observed in Europe)

A

environmental pollution

55
Q

changes in temperature and weather conditions impact living organisms by directly affecting their number and range of habitat

A

climate change

56
Q

ONGOING extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch (the last 12,000 yrs)

A

the anthropocene

57
Q

effects of biodiversity loss

A

threats to food security, threats to energy security, unavailability of clean water, damage to social relationships

58
Q

t or f: agricultural biodiversity leads to food security

A

true

59
Q

in developing countries -> source of more than half of the energy is fuel from wood
high population of developing countries -> biodiversity loss is inevitable and energy sources are threatened

A

threat to energy security

60
Q

biodiversity is comprised of genes and species that build valuable ecosystems which provide vital sources for agricultural production

A

threats to food security

61
Q

forests and watersheds are sources of clean water; when disturbed, the supply of available clean water are made uncertain

A

unavailability of clean water

62
Q

changes brought by global warming could potentially disrupt society where availability of strategic resources are disrupted

A

damage to social relationships

SCIENCE 11 (7 decks)

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