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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

A
  • Larger than RBCs
  • Large nucleus
  • Lack hemoglobin
  • Respond during inflammatory response
    > move to injured sight to fight pathogens
  • Pus contains large portion of dead WBCs
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2
Q

What is the Cardiovascular System?

A

A closed circulatory system that pumps fluid contents from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
(cardio = heart)
(vascular = vessels)

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3
Q

Platelet Plug

A

Formed by fibrin and platelets to stop bleeding temporarily

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4
Q

How can Veins Return Blood to the Heart?

A
  • Low resistance in the venous walls
    > ability to stretch to accommodate larger volume
  • One way valves
  • Assistance of muscular contraction
    > contractions squeeze blood through veins
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5
Q

QRS Complex

A
  • Ventricular depolarization
  • Ventricular systole
  • Largest wave as the ventricles are the largest with the most mass
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6
Q

Valves

A
  • Regulate the flow of blood through the heart in one way
  • 4 valves:
    > pulmonary
    > aortic
    > mitral/bicuspid
    > tricuspid
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7
Q

Angioplasty

A

A procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into an artery of an arm or a leg, toward the heart. A balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated at the clogged portion, forcing vessel to open

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8
Q

4 Chambers of Heart

A
  • Left & Right Atria
  • Left & Right Ventricles
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9
Q

Heart Location

A
  • Pericardial cavity; in the anterior portion of the mediastinum
    > in btwn the pleural cavities
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10
Q

Electrocardiogram Components

A
  • P-Wave
  • QRS Complex
  • T-Wave
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11
Q

Right Subclavian Artery

A

Branch off brachiocephalic trunk

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12
Q

t-PA

A
  • Genetically engineered
  • Converts plasminogen into plasmin which dissolves clots
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13
Q

Tunica Intima

A

The inner layer of vessel that contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium

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14
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel as it travels

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15
Q

Marginal Artery

A
  • From the Right Coronary Artery
  • Supplies right atrium and right ventricle
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16
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not contain granules in cytoplasm
> monocytes

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17
Q

MI Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Light headedness
  • Pain in arm, jaw, neck, btwn shoulder blades
  • Chest pressure or feeling of heaviness in chest
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18
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

A
  • Transportation
    > gases, nutrients, wastes
  • Prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessels through clotting mechanisms
  • Helps fight off pathogens with circulating cells
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19
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A
  • Left side of heart
  • Supplies nutrients and oxygen to heart tissue
  • 2 branches:
    > anterior interventricular branch
    > circumflex branch
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20
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of chambers

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21
Q

Dub Sound

A
  • Semilunar valves close
  • aka aortic/pulmonic valves
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22
Q

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

A
  • Biconcave
  • Carry oxygen via hemoglobin molecules
  • Most abundant cell in blood
  • Anucleate, without a nucleus
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23
Q

T or F: only arteries contain a tunica media

A

False; all vessels contain 3 layers but in differing proportions

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

A white sheet of endothelium tht is continuous with blood vessel linings

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25
Q

Arterial Blood Flow
(once the blood leaves the heart)

A
  • Aorta
  • Aortic arch
  • Descending aorta
    > thoracic aorta (above diaphragm)
    > abdominal aorta (below diaphragm)
  • Many branches throughout to supply blood tissues
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26
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Contains iron
  • Combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood
  • Each RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules
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27
Q

Aspirin

A
  • Reduces coagulation of platelets
  • Lowers probability that clot will form
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28
Q

The Circle of Willis

A
  • The Cerebral Arterial Circle
  • Provides alternate circulation to the brain in case of the arteries being blocked
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29
Q

Atria

A
  • Upper, receiving chambers
  • Smaller & thinner
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30
Q

Systemic Circuit Provides Blood to…

A
  • Systemic arteries
  • Systemic veins
  • Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
  • Right atrium
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31
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A
  • Portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen
  • If partially blocked
    > angina pectoris
    > radiating pain down left arm
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32
Q

Anterior Cerebral Arteries

A
  • Branches off the middle cerebral arteries
  • Connected by the anterior communicating artery, completing the circle
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33
Q

Left Subclavian Artery

A
  • 3rd branch off aortic arch
  • Supplies blood to the left arm
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34
Q

Edema

A

Fluid build up and/or high blood pressure

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35
Q

Electrical Impulse Flow

A

SA node > AV node > Bundle of His > Purkinje Fibers (causes left and right ventricular contraction)

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36
Q

Mitral (bicuspid) Valve

A

Controls flow from left atrium to left ventricle
(2 flaps)

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37
Q

Posterior Interventricular Branch

A
  • From the Right Coronary Artery
  • Supplies right atrium and right ventricle
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38
Q

Left Common Carotid

A
  • 2nd branch off aortic arch
  • Supplies head and neck
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39
Q

Phase 1 of Cardiac Cycle

A
  • Lasts abt 0.15 seconds
  • Atrial Systole: atria contract
  • Ventricular Diastole: ventricles are relaxed
  • Allows for maximum filling of the ventricles
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40
Q

Types of Blood Vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Vein
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41
Q

Thrombus

A

Stationary blood clot

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42
Q

Tunica Externa

A
  • Most superficial layer
  • Anchors vessel to surrounding structures
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43
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A
  • Right side of heart
  • Supply nutrients and oxygen to heart tissue
  • 2 branches:
    > marginals artery
    > posterior interventricular artery
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44
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • Involved in coagulation
    > blood clotting
  • Not true cells, but cell fragments
    > from megakaryocytes
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45
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Goal: send oxygenated blood to the body tissues

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46
Q

Tunica Media

A

the middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of internal elastic membrane

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47
Q

Basilar Artery

A

Branches into left and right posterior cerebral arteries

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48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials (often cholesterol) that forms plaque

49
Q

Phase 3 of Cardiac Cycle

A
  • 0.4 secs
  • All chambers relaxed
  • Passive filling of atria
50
Q

What are the 3 branches off the Aortic Arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • Left Common Carotid
  • Left Subclavian
51
Q

Double Pump

A
  • 2 circuits:
    > pulmonary circuit (right)
    > systemic circuit (left)
52
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting from decreased oxygen to brain

53
Q

Plasma

A
  • Keeps pH of blood near 7.4
  • Transports large organic molecules in blood
  • Aids in clotting
  • Maintains blood’s osmotic pressure with protein presence
54
Q

Anterior Interventricular Branch

A
  • From the Left Coronary Artery
  • Supplies blood to both ventricles
55
Q

Peripheral Resistance

A
  • Primarily responsible by arterioles
  • Variation in blood pressure
  • Depends on the external and internal conditions of the body
56
Q

Lymphocyte

A
  • Functions with the lymphatic system
    > T cells
    > B cells
57
Q

T-Wave

A
  • Ventricular repolarization
    > returning to rest
    > ventricular diastole
  • Atrial repolarization is hidden within the QRS complex
58
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A
  • Place of opening btwn the atria in developing fetuses
  • Allows fetal blood to move directly btwn the atrium, bypassing lungs
  • Closes during birth
59
Q

Layers of the Heart

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
60
Q

Posterior Communicating Arteries

A

Connect the left and right internal carotid arteries

61
Q

Lub Sound

A
  • Atrioventricular valves close
  • aka bicuspid/tricuspid valves
62
Q

Aortic Valve

A
  • Controls flow out of left ventricle into aorta
  • Stronger than pulmonary bc of increased pressure from left ventricle
63
Q

Hypertension

A
  • Systolic and diastolic pressure significantly higher than 120/80
  • “Silent killer”
  • may not have symptoms until heart attack or stroke
64
Q

Right Common Carotid

A

Branch off brachiocephalic trunk

65
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A
  • Small mass of specialized cardiac tissue
    > contains both cardiac and nervous tissue characteristic
  • Electrical impulse that controls cardiac cycle begins here
  • Found in right atrium
  • Pacemaker of heart
  • Spreads through atria, causing left and right atrial systole
66
Q

Lumen

A

The opening in the center of a vessel

67
Q

Infarction

A
  • Blood vessel is entirely blocked
  • Causes tissue death in the area supplied by that vessel
68
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A
  • Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
  • “bottom number”
69
Q

Circumflex Branch

A
  • From the Left Coronary Artery
  • Supplies left atrium and left ventricle
70
Q

Pericardium

A
  • A tough, thick sac that protects the heart and anchors to the diaphragm
  • Covered by a layer of smooth endothelium with lubricating fluid
71
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • Measures the amnt of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery
  • Sphygmomanometer; measures blood pressure
72
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A
  • The net pressure in the blood that moves fluid from tissues to circulatory system
  • Driven by proteins in the plasma
73
Q

Embolus

A

Blood clot dislodges and moves in the blood

74
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pushes fluid into tissues by the pressure of blood pumping from the heart

75
Q

Arteries

A
  • Carry (usually oxygenated) blood away from the heart
  • Elastic, thick walled
  • Large arteries expand and recoil to help the heart pump blood through the body
  • Papable pulses
76
Q

Heart Sounds

A
  • Sounds as the valves of the heart closing
  • Can be heard with a stethoscope
77
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

78
Q

Prothrombin Activator

A
  • 1st step of coagulation cascade
  • Released by the platelets and the injured tissues
  • Converts prothrombin to thrombin
79
Q

Serum

A
  • Identical to plasma, clotting proteins have been removed
    > blood sits in a tube until it clots
    > centrifuge sample to separate solid and liquid portions
  • Used in many lab tests
80
Q

T or F: the left ventricle faces anteriorly, towards the sternum

A

False; the right ventricle faces anteriorly

81
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of chambers

82
Q

Fibrin

A
  • Converted by thrombin from fibrinogen
  • Winds around the platelet plug to provide framework
  • RBCs becomes trapped making the clot appear red
83
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A
  • Bulb
  • Bladder
    > fills with air
  • Cuff
    > wraps around arm, holds bladder in place over artery
  • Valve
    > releases pressure to allow blood to flow
  • Manometer
    > displays the pressure in mmHG
84
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries

A
  • Arise from common carotid arteries in the neck
  • Terminate in the left and right middle cerebral arteries
85
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • EKG or ECG
  • Device used to measure electrical impulses in heart
  • Corresponds to the mechanical events insde heart
  • Used to monitor and diagnose patient conditions
86
Q

Plaque

A
  • Interferes with normal blood flow
  • Can cause a clot to form from the irregular arterial wall
  • May stop blood flow in the immediate area
  • Clot can dislodge and travel, clogging a smaller artery
87
Q

Streptokinase

A
  • Produced by bacteria
  • Convert plasminogen into plasmin which dissolves clots
88
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Formed from narrow tubes of arterioles and venules
  • Ultra-thin
  • Interconnected to form capillary bed
    > perform the exchange of materials
89
Q

Formed Elements

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
90
Q

Veins

A
  • Return blood to the heart
  • Thinner walled
  • No pulse
  • Compliance
    > stretch w/ little to no recoil
  • Store largest amnt of blood
  • Contain valves that open towards the heart and prevent backflow
  • Usually parallel to the named artery
91
Q

Blood Flow Through Heart

A
  • Right atrium through tricuspid valve
  • Right ventricle through pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonary trunk into pulmonary arteries
  • Lungs into pulmonary veins into left atrium
  • Biscupid valve into left ventricle
  • Aortic valve into the aorta into the body
92
Q

Healthy Blood Pressure

A
  • 120/80
  • Systolic/diastolic
93
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Bulk of the heart
    > composed mainly of cardiac muscle
  • Contractile layer
  • It’s muscle fibers link all parts of heart together
94
Q

Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat)

A
  • Each heartbeat lasts about 0.85 seconds
  • Heart beats about 70x/min
  • Must contract and relax in a cyclical pattern to act as a pump
95
Q

Intrinsic Electrical Rhythm

A
  • Electrical impulses enable the heart’s rhythmic pumping by contracting the muscle tissue
  • Nervous and Endocrine systems help to regulate rate
    > beats per minute
    > changes with emotional and physical stressors
96
Q

Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PE)

A
  • Blockage of major artery in lungs
  • Shortness of breath
  • Angina (chest pain)
97
Q

Phase 2 of Cardiac Cycle

A
  • Lasts abt 0.30 secs
  • Ventricular Systole: ventricles contract
  • Atrial Diastole: atria are relaxed
  • Allows for pumping of blood into pulmonic and systemic circuits
98
Q

Venules

A
  • Small veins that collect blood from the capillary beds
  • Many join together to form a vein that returns blood to the heart
99
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Have granules in the cytoplasm
    > neutrophils
    > eosinophils
    > basophils
100
Q

Stethoscope

A

Used to listen to first and last sounds of blood flow

101
Q

P-Wave

A
  • Atrial depolarization
  • Atrial systole
102
Q

Systemic Circuit Flow

A
  • Left atrium
  • Bicuspid/Mitral valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic valve to aorta
103
Q

Pulmonary Circuit Flow

A
  • Right atrium through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  • Exists right ventricle through pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries
  • Lungs for exchange of gases
  • Pulmonary veins to left atrium
104
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Small arteries
  • Constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • Contraction: increased blood pressure
  • Relaxation: dilates, decreases pressure
105
Q

Erythrocyte Maturation

A
  • Manufacture in red bone marrow
  • Must lose nucleus and synthesize hemoglobin before released into blood
  • Live for about 120 days
  • Destroyed in the liver and spleen
  • Hemoglobin is recycled and returned to red bone marrow
106
Q

2 Artery Systems

A
  • Left & right coronary arteries
    > arise from base of aorta
  • Supply oxygen to heart tissue
107
Q

Systemic Pressure

A
  • Highest in aorta
  • Falls w/in arteries and arterioles
  • Differences in systolic vs. diastolic, gradually diminishes
108
Q

Blood

A
  • Classified as a connective tissue
  • 2 portions:
    > liquid (plasma)
    > cell (formed elements)
109
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Pulmonary edema / Congestive Heart Failure
  • Fluid backs up into lungs
  • Impaired systemic circulation
110
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • A protein manufactured by the liver
  • Floats freely in blood
111
Q

Blood Pooling

A
  • Standing for long periods of time with no movement
  • When viens are fully distended, they. can no longer accept blood from capillaries
  • Plasma forces out of capillary walls
  • Drop in arterial blood pressure
112
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Controls flow from right atrium to right ventricle
(3 flaps)

113
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Goal: send deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

114
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A
  • Segment from another blood vessel is removed
  • One end stitched to aorta
  • Other end stitched below the area of obstruction
  • Bypasses area of obstruction
  • Lasers may also be used to clear vessels
115
Q

Brachiocephalic Trunk

A
  • 1st branch off aorta
  • Supplies blood to right arm and neck
116
Q

Systolic Pressure

A
  • Pressure in the arteries when blood is forced into the arteries
  • “top number”
117
Q

Septum

A

Separates left and right sides of heart

118
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Lower, sending chambers
  • Larger & thicker
119
Q

Right-Sided Heart Failur

A
  • Peripheral Edema
  • Fluid builds up in the body and limbs
  • Impaired pulmonic circulation

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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