Module 4 Flashcards
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Larger than RBCs
- Large nucleus
- Lack hemoglobin
- Respond during inflammatory response
> move to injured sight to fight pathogens - Pus contains large portion of dead WBCs
What is the Cardiovascular System?
A closed circulatory system that pumps fluid contents from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart
(cardio = heart)
(vascular = vessels)
Platelet Plug
Formed by fibrin and platelets to stop bleeding temporarily
How can Veins Return Blood to the Heart?
- Low resistance in the venous walls
> ability to stretch to accommodate larger volume - One way valves
- Assistance of muscular contraction
> contractions squeeze blood through veins
QRS Complex
- Ventricular depolarization
- Ventricular systole
- Largest wave as the ventricles are the largest with the most mass
Valves
- Regulate the flow of blood through the heart in one way
- 4 valves:
> pulmonary
> aortic
> mitral/bicuspid
> tricuspid
Angioplasty
A procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into an artery of an arm or a leg, toward the heart. A balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated at the clogged portion, forcing vessel to open
4 Chambers of Heart
- Left & Right Atria
- Left & Right Ventricles
Heart Location
- Pericardial cavity; in the anterior portion of the mediastinum
> in btwn the pleural cavities
Electrocardiogram Components
- P-Wave
- QRS Complex
- T-Wave
Right Subclavian Artery
Branch off brachiocephalic trunk
t-PA
- Genetically engineered
- Converts plasminogen into plasmin which dissolves clots
Tunica Intima
The inner layer of vessel that contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium
Thromboembolism
Embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel as it travels
Marginal Artery
- From the Right Coronary Artery
- Supplies right atrium and right ventricle
Agranulocytes
Do not contain granules in cytoplasm
> monocytes
MI Signs and Symptoms
- Shortness of breath
- Light headedness
- Pain in arm, jaw, neck, btwn shoulder blades
- Chest pressure or feeling of heaviness in chest
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
- Transportation
> gases, nutrients, wastes - Prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessels through clotting mechanisms
- Helps fight off pathogens with circulating cells
Left Coronary Artery
- Left side of heart
- Supplies nutrients and oxygen to heart tissue
- 2 branches:
> anterior interventricular branch
> circumflex branch
Diastole
Relaxation of chambers
Dub Sound
- Semilunar valves close
- aka aortic/pulmonic valves
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Biconcave
- Carry oxygen via hemoglobin molecules
- Most abundant cell in blood
- Anucleate, without a nucleus
T or F: only arteries contain a tunica media
False; all vessels contain 3 layers but in differing proportions
Endocardium
A white sheet of endothelium tht is continuous with blood vessel linings
Arterial Blood Flow
(once the blood leaves the heart)
- Aorta
- Aortic arch
- Descending aorta
> thoracic aorta (above diaphragm)
> abdominal aorta (below diaphragm) - Many branches throughout to supply blood tissues
Hemoglobin
- Contains iron
- Combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood
- Each RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Aspirin
- Reduces coagulation of platelets
- Lowers probability that clot will form
The Circle of Willis
- The Cerebral Arterial Circle
- Provides alternate circulation to the brain in case of the arteries being blocked
Atria
- Upper, receiving chambers
- Smaller & thinner
Systemic Circuit Provides Blood to…
- Systemic arteries
- Systemic veins
- Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
- Right atrium
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen
- If partially blocked
> angina pectoris
> radiating pain down left arm
Anterior Cerebral Arteries
- Branches off the middle cerebral arteries
- Connected by the anterior communicating artery, completing the circle
Left Subclavian Artery
- 3rd branch off aortic arch
- Supplies blood to the left arm
Edema
Fluid build up and/or high blood pressure
Electrical Impulse Flow
SA node > AV node > Bundle of His > Purkinje Fibers (causes left and right ventricular contraction)
Mitral (bicuspid) Valve
Controls flow from left atrium to left ventricle
(2 flaps)
Posterior Interventricular Branch
- From the Right Coronary Artery
- Supplies right atrium and right ventricle
Left Common Carotid
- 2nd branch off aortic arch
- Supplies head and neck
Phase 1 of Cardiac Cycle
- Lasts abt 0.15 seconds
- Atrial Systole: atria contract
- Ventricular Diastole: ventricles are relaxed
- Allows for maximum filling of the ventricles
Types of Blood Vessels
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Vein
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot
Tunica Externa
- Most superficial layer
- Anchors vessel to surrounding structures
Right Coronary Artery
- Right side of heart
- Supply nutrients and oxygen to heart tissue
- 2 branches:
> marginals artery
> posterior interventricular artery
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Involved in coagulation
> blood clotting - Not true cells, but cell fragments
> from megakaryocytes
Systemic Circuit
Goal: send oxygenated blood to the body tissues
Tunica Media
the middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of internal elastic membrane
Basilar Artery
Branches into left and right posterior cerebral arteries
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials (often cholesterol) that forms plaque
Phase 3 of Cardiac Cycle
- 0.4 secs
- All chambers relaxed
- Passive filling of atria
What are the 3 branches off the Aortic Arch?
- Brachiocephalic Trunk
- Left Common Carotid
- Left Subclavian
Double Pump
- 2 circuits:
> pulmonary circuit (right)
> systemic circuit (left)
Syncope
Fainting from decreased oxygen to brain
Plasma
- Keeps pH of blood near 7.4
- Transports large organic molecules in blood
- Aids in clotting
- Maintains blood’s osmotic pressure with protein presence
Anterior Interventricular Branch
- From the Left Coronary Artery
- Supplies blood to both ventricles
Peripheral Resistance
- Primarily responsible by arterioles
- Variation in blood pressure
- Depends on the external and internal conditions of the body
Lymphocyte
- Functions with the lymphatic system
> T cells
> B cells
T-Wave
- Ventricular repolarization
> returning to rest
> ventricular diastole - Atrial repolarization is hidden within the QRS complex
Fossa Ovalis
- Place of opening btwn the atria in developing fetuses
- Allows fetal blood to move directly btwn the atrium, bypassing lungs
- Closes during birth
Layers of the Heart
- Pericardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Posterior Communicating Arteries
Connect the left and right internal carotid arteries
Lub Sound
- Atrioventricular valves close
- aka bicuspid/tricuspid valves
Aortic Valve
- Controls flow out of left ventricle into aorta
- Stronger than pulmonary bc of increased pressure from left ventricle
Hypertension
- Systolic and diastolic pressure significantly higher than 120/80
- “Silent killer”
- may not have symptoms until heart attack or stroke
Right Common Carotid
Branch off brachiocephalic trunk
Sinoatrial Node
- Small mass of specialized cardiac tissue
> contains both cardiac and nervous tissue characteristic - Electrical impulse that controls cardiac cycle begins here
- Found in right atrium
- Pacemaker of heart
- Spreads through atria, causing left and right atrial systole
Lumen
The opening in the center of a vessel
Infarction
- Blood vessel is entirely blocked
- Causes tissue death in the area supplied by that vessel
Diastolic Pressure
- Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
- “bottom number”
Circumflex Branch
- From the Left Coronary Artery
- Supplies left atrium and left ventricle
Pericardium
- A tough, thick sac that protects the heart and anchors to the diaphragm
- Covered by a layer of smooth endothelium with lubricating fluid
Blood Pressure
- Measures the amnt of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery
- Sphygmomanometer; measures blood pressure
Osmotic Pressure
- The net pressure in the blood that moves fluid from tissues to circulatory system
- Driven by proteins in the plasma
Embolus
Blood clot dislodges and moves in the blood
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pushes fluid into tissues by the pressure of blood pumping from the heart
Arteries
- Carry (usually oxygenated) blood away from the heart
- Elastic, thick walled
- Large arteries expand and recoil to help the heart pump blood through the body
- Papable pulses
Heart Sounds
- Sounds as the valves of the heart closing
- Can be heard with a stethoscope
Pulmonary Valve
Controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
Prothrombin Activator
- 1st step of coagulation cascade
- Released by the platelets and the injured tissues
- Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Serum
- Identical to plasma, clotting proteins have been removed
> blood sits in a tube until it clots
> centrifuge sample to separate solid and liquid portions - Used in many lab tests
T or F: the left ventricle faces anteriorly, towards the sternum
False; the right ventricle faces anteriorly
Systole
Contraction of chambers
Fibrin
- Converted by thrombin from fibrinogen
- Winds around the platelet plug to provide framework
- RBCs becomes trapped making the clot appear red
Sphygmomanometer
- Bulb
- Bladder
> fills with air - Cuff
> wraps around arm, holds bladder in place over artery - Valve
> releases pressure to allow blood to flow - Manometer
> displays the pressure in mmHG
Internal Carotid Arteries
- Arise from common carotid arteries in the neck
- Terminate in the left and right middle cerebral arteries
Electrocardiogram
- EKG or ECG
- Device used to measure electrical impulses in heart
- Corresponds to the mechanical events insde heart
- Used to monitor and diagnose patient conditions
Plaque
- Interferes with normal blood flow
- Can cause a clot to form from the irregular arterial wall
- May stop blood flow in the immediate area
- Clot can dislodge and travel, clogging a smaller artery
Streptokinase
- Produced by bacteria
- Convert plasminogen into plasmin which dissolves clots
Capillaries
- Formed from narrow tubes of arterioles and venules
- Ultra-thin
- Interconnected to form capillary bed
> perform the exchange of materials
Formed Elements
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
Veins
- Return blood to the heart
- Thinner walled
- No pulse
- Compliance
> stretch w/ little to no recoil - Store largest amnt of blood
- Contain valves that open towards the heart and prevent backflow
- Usually parallel to the named artery
Blood Flow Through Heart
- Right atrium through tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle through pulmonary valve
- Pulmonary trunk into pulmonary arteries
- Lungs into pulmonary veins into left atrium
- Biscupid valve into left ventricle
- Aortic valve into the aorta into the body
Healthy Blood Pressure
- 120/80
- Systolic/diastolic
Myocardium
- Bulk of the heart
> composed mainly of cardiac muscle - Contractile layer
- It’s muscle fibers link all parts of heart together
Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat)
- Each heartbeat lasts about 0.85 seconds
- Heart beats about 70x/min
- Must contract and relax in a cyclical pattern to act as a pump
Intrinsic Electrical Rhythm
- Electrical impulses enable the heart’s rhythmic pumping by contracting the muscle tissue
- Nervous and Endocrine systems help to regulate rate
> beats per minute
> changes with emotional and physical stressors
Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PE)
- Blockage of major artery in lungs
- Shortness of breath
- Angina (chest pain)
Phase 2 of Cardiac Cycle
- Lasts abt 0.30 secs
- Ventricular Systole: ventricles contract
- Atrial Diastole: atria are relaxed
- Allows for pumping of blood into pulmonic and systemic circuits
Venules
- Small veins that collect blood from the capillary beds
- Many join together to form a vein that returns blood to the heart
Granulocytes
- Have granules in the cytoplasm
> neutrophils
> eosinophils
> basophils
Stethoscope
Used to listen to first and last sounds of blood flow
P-Wave
- Atrial depolarization
- Atrial systole
Systemic Circuit Flow
- Left atrium
- Bicuspid/Mitral valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic valve to aorta
Pulmonary Circuit Flow
- Right atrium through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- Exists right ventricle through pulmonary valve
- Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries
- Lungs for exchange of gases
- Pulmonary veins to left atrium
Arterioles
- Small arteries
- Constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the autonomic nervous system
- Contraction: increased blood pressure
- Relaxation: dilates, decreases pressure
Erythrocyte Maturation
- Manufacture in red bone marrow
- Must lose nucleus and synthesize hemoglobin before released into blood
- Live for about 120 days
- Destroyed in the liver and spleen
- Hemoglobin is recycled and returned to red bone marrow
2 Artery Systems
- Left & right coronary arteries
> arise from base of aorta - Supply oxygen to heart tissue
Systemic Pressure
- Highest in aorta
- Falls w/in arteries and arterioles
- Differences in systolic vs. diastolic, gradually diminishes
Blood
- Classified as a connective tissue
- 2 portions:
> liquid (plasma)
> cell (formed elements)
Left-Sided Heart Failure
- Pulmonary edema / Congestive Heart Failure
- Fluid backs up into lungs
- Impaired systemic circulation
Fibrinogen
- A protein manufactured by the liver
- Floats freely in blood
Blood Pooling
- Standing for long periods of time with no movement
- When viens are fully distended, they. can no longer accept blood from capillaries
- Plasma forces out of capillary walls
- Drop in arterial blood pressure
Tricuspid Valve
Controls flow from right atrium to right ventricle
(3 flaps)
Pulmonary Circuit
Goal: send deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
- Segment from another blood vessel is removed
- One end stitched to aorta
- Other end stitched below the area of obstruction
- Bypasses area of obstruction
- Lasers may also be used to clear vessels
Brachiocephalic Trunk
- 1st branch off aorta
- Supplies blood to right arm and neck
Systolic Pressure
- Pressure in the arteries when blood is forced into the arteries
- “top number”
Septum
Separates left and right sides of heart
Ventricles
- Lower, sending chambers
- Larger & thicker
Right-Sided Heart Failur
- Peripheral Edema
- Fluid builds up in the body and limbs
- Impaired pulmonic circulation
