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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body parts function together

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3
Q

Function of the Nervous System

A

The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way, the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the body.

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4
Q

2 Parts of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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5
Q

How are the parts of the CNS protected?

A

The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protects the spinal cord

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6
Q

Collections of cell bodies in the CNS are called _____, and the collection of nerve axons in the CNS are called _____.

A

Nuclei & Tracts

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7
Q

What is included in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

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8
Q

Collections of cell bodies inside the PNS are called ____, and the collection of nerve axons in the PNS are called ___.

A

Ganglia & Nerves

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9
Q

2 Divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (afferent) & Motor (efferent)

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10
Q

Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the PNS

A

The PNS receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division and the relays signals/impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands via the motor division

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11
Q

2 Divisions of the Motor (efferent)

A

Somatic & Autonomic

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12
Q

What is Controlled by the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

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13
Q

What is Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs

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14
Q

2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What is the Function of the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies

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16
Q

What is the Function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Generally operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy

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17
Q

Label the components of a Neuron

A

Dendrite
Soma (cell body)
Nucleus
Myelin Sheath
Axon
Axon Terminals

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18
Q

3 Unusual Characteristics of Neurons

A
  1. Neurons do not undergo mitosis
  2. Can survive a person’s entire lifetime
  3. Can only survive minutes w/out oxygen
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19
Q

All Neurons Must Contain

A

Dendrites, cell body, and axon

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20
Q

Structure and Function of Neuron Cell Body

A

Synthesizes all nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus w/ surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles

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21
Q

Structure and Function of the Dendrite

A

Numerous short extensions that spread from the cell body to receive info from other neurons conducting those nerve impulses toward the cell body

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22
Q

Describe the Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to its axon terminals where it is emitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron
Composed of cells like the cell body but lack ER

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23
Q

Function and Site of Synthesis & Storage of Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. When they are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another

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24
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

A gap btwn 2 neurons

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25
Q

A post-synaptic neuron is a neuron that is found ___ the synapse

A

After

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26
Q

___ neurons have 3 or more extensions from the cell, 1 axon, and many dendrites

A

Multipolar

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27
Q

___ neurons have a central cell and 2 extensions

A

Bipolar

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28
Q

___ neurons have 2 extension off the cell body which branches into 2: one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor

A

Unipolar (pseudounipolar)

29
Q

___ neurons are unipolar and function to carry info from the PNS to the CNS

30
Q

What type of neuron is also called Association Neurons?

A

Interneurons

31
Q

___ neurons send messages from the CNS to the PNS

32
Q

Function of Neuroglial Cells

A

They are support cells, helping neurons to enable them to thrive in their environment

33
Q

PNS Neuroglial Cell Types

A

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

34
Q

T or F: axons cannot regenerate in the PNS

A

False. Can regenerate in the PNS

35
Q

T or F: Myelin sheath is continuous and has no gaps

36
Q

4 Types of Support Neuroglial Cells in CNS

A

Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells

37
Q

Function of Ependymal Cells

A

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange btwn brain, spinal cord, and CSF

38
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

A

Act as insulation for CNS axons

39
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A

Control chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around blood capillaries, forming blood-brain barrier

40
Q

Function of Microglial Cells

A

Protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms

41
Q

Technical term used to describe a nerve impulse and what causes the impulse?

A

Action potential, and is caused by the movement of unequally distributed ions on either side of an axon’s plasma membrane

42
Q

What is a resting potential and how is it maintained?

A

The axon plasma membrane is polarized, one side has a different charge than the other. This difference is called a resting potential, the inside of the axon’s cell membrane is 70 millivolts less than the outside of the membrane. A sodium-potassium pump using active transport carries ions across the plasma membrane and because 3 Na+ ions are pumped out as 2 K+ ions are pumped in, a relative positive charge develops and is maintained on the outside of the membrane.

43
Q

4 Steps of an Action Potential

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Afterpolarization (hyperpolarization)
44
Q

Describe what happens during Depolarization

A

Sodium gates open and Na+ rushes into the axon and the inside becomes more positive than the outside causing the membrane to become positive

45
Q

Describe what happens during Repolarization

A

The sodium gates close and potassium gates open allowing K+ to rush out. Returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re-establishing the negative potential

46
Q

Describe what happens during Afterpolarization

A

The K+ gates are slow to close and there is an afterpolarization undershoot of potential

47
Q

What causes the difference in intensity of a sensation?

A

The number of neurons stimulated and the frequency with which they are stimulated

48
Q

T or F: An impulse from a neuron moves in both directions

49
Q

What is meant by neuron signals being electrochemical in nature?

A

The signal moves from electrical (through the neuron) to chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again once the signal reaches the next neuron

50
Q

What is the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters

51
Q

How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another?

A

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried

52
Q

What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?

A

The short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses rapidly absorb the neurotransmitter

53
Q

What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

54
Q

What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

Once ACh is released in the NMJ, what happens to cause muscle contraction to occur?

A

ACh binds to receptors on the muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes into the muscle cell, triggering an action potential which reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell causing the muscle to contract

56
Q

Define the term Reflex

A

Nearly instantaneous, automatic, involuntary motor responses to stimuli occurring inside or outside of the body
Ex: regulating blood sugar, touching hot object and withdrawing hand immediately

57
Q

Sensory info travels into the spinal cord via the ___ of a nerve

A

Dorsal root

58
Q

Gray Matter

A

Contains the cell bodies of neurons in the spinal cord

59
Q

White Matter

A

Contains the axons of neurons in the spinal cord

60
Q

What does the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) contain?

A

The cell bodies of sensory neurons

61
Q

Sensory neurons synapse on cells in the ___ of the spinal cord

A

Posterior horn

62
Q

Motor neuron cell bodies are in the ___ of the spinal cord

A

Anterior horn

63
Q

Motor neurons (axons) leave the spinal cord via the ___

A

Ventral root

64
Q

When does a ventral root transition to a spinal nerve

A

The spinal nerve roots are formed by the union of dorsal and ventral roots within the intervertebral foramen

65
Q

Why is a spinal reflex faster than a conscious decision

A

Spinal reflexes are faster because they involve fewer neurons and the electrical signals only have to travel to the spinal cord and back, instead of the brain

66
Q

5 components of a Reflex Arc

A

Receptor
Afferent neuron
Integration center
Efferent neuron
Effector

67
Q

The stretch reflex utilizes what type of specialized receptor to detect over-stretch?

A

Muscle spindles

68
Q

What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

Protect the muscle against increases in length which may tear or damage muscle fibers

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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