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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Special Senses?

A
  • Vision
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the outer eye?

A
  • Sclera
  • Cornea
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3
Q

Sclera

A
  • Posterior portion
  • “white of the eye”
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4
Q

Cornea

A
  • Anterior portion
  • Transparent part of eye
  • Where light enters
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5
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

A clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens

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6
Q

What is included in the middle layer of the eye?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary Body
  • Iris
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7
Q

Choroid (4)

A
  • Darkly-colored, posterior portion
  • Prevents light from dispersing throughout the eye
  • Highly vascular
  • Supplies blood to the layers of the eye
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8
Q

Ciliary Body

A
  • Anterior
  • Muscles that attach to the lens to change the shape which allows it to focus
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9
Q

Iris

A
  • Anterior to ciliary body
  • Controls amount of light that enters pupil by using muscle fibers to contract or dilate based on environmental light
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10
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the center of the iris

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11
Q

Lens

A
  • Posterior to iris and pupil
  • Circular ciliary muscles attach all the way around the lens
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12
Q

What is the inner (sensory) layer of the eye anatomy?

A

Retina

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13
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptors; rods & cones

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14
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to dim light, do not generate sharp or color images

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15
Q

Cones

A

Operate in bright light, help detect color images

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16
Q

What is the interior of the eye anatomy?

A

Vitreous Body

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17
Q

Vitreous Body

A
  • Posterior to lens
  • Chamber filled w/ vitreous fluid, helps to hold the retina firmly to choroid
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18
Q

Nasal Visual Fields

A
  • Left & right eyes
  • Closest to nose
  • Overlapping visual fields allows for 3D vision (binocular)
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19
Q

Peripheral Visual Fields

A

Lateral side of each eye

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20
Q

Left Visual Fields

A
  • Gathers info from left side of environment
  • Eventually interpreted in right side of brain
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21
Q

Right Visual Fields

A
  • Gathers info from right side of environment
  • Eventually interpreted in left side of brain
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22
Q

Medial Rectus

A
  • Turns eye medially
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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23
Q

Inferior Rectus

A
  • Depresses eye
  • Moves eye medially
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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24
Q

Superior Rectus
(2 + nerve)

A
  • Elevates eye
  • Moves eye medially
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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25
Q

Inferior Oblique
(3 + nerve)

A
  • Elevates eye
  • Moves eye laterally
  • External rotation
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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26
Q

Superior Oblique
(3 + nerve)

A
  • Internal rotation
  • Depresses eye
  • Moves laterally
  • Trochlear Nerve (IV)
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27
Q

Lateral Rectus

A
  • Turns eye laterally
  • Abducens Nerve (VI)
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28
Q

Cataracts

A
  • Lenses slowly become hardened and cloudy over time
  • Vision looks blurry
  • Light is unable to freely enter lens to be refracted onto retina
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29
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

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30
Q

What is the Auditory System / Ear

A
  • The ear is a sensory organ for hearing
    >External Ear
    >Middle Ear
    >Inner Ear
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31
Q

Auricle

A
  • Shaped to funnel sound waves into the external acoustic canal so that sounds can be detected
  • Can be seen externally
  • Composed of elastic cartilage, covered with skin
  • Helix (rim)
  • Lobule (lacks cartilage)
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32
Q

The External Acoustic Canal (meatus)

A
  • Tunnel between auricle and tympanic membrane
  • Composed of elastic cartilage near auricle and becomes a cylinder through the temporal bone
  • Lined with skin that has hairs & glands that secrete cerumen
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33
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax; traps foreign material

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34
Q

Tympanic Membrane (4)

A
  • Eardrum
  • Canal terminates here
  • Thin membrane of connective tissue
  • Vibrates with sound, transmit sound energy to middle ear
35
Q

Tympanic Cavity

A
  • Air filled chamber
  • 3 tiny bones
    >malleus (hammer)
    >incus (anvil)
    >stapes (stirrup)
  • Malleus receives vibrations from tympanic membrane and conveys them towards inner ear
36
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A
  • Fluid filled
  • 3 sections:
    >vestibule
    >semicircular canals
    >cochlea
37
Q

Vestibular System (3)

A
  • 3 fluid filled semicircular canals
  • Each canal contains equilibrium receptors
  • Impulses sent along the vestibular portion of CN VIII
38
Q

Cochlea (3)

A
  • Spiral, bony chamber
  • Contains the membranous endolymph-filled cochlear duct
  • Houses Organ of Corti and terminates at cochlear nerve
39
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • Sense organ of auditory system
  • Contains tectorial membrane and tiny hairs (stereocilia)
  • As fluid receives vibrations, membrane bends stereocilia and initiates action potential carried through cochlear nerve
40
Q

Facial Nerve

A
  • Located in inner ear
  • Innervates stapedius; attaches to stapes
  • Controls amnt of tension on bone, allowing for increased or decreased vibrations
  • Controls intensity of sounds
41
Q

Conduction Deafness

A
  • Damage to outer or middle ear structures
  • Cerumen build up
  • Ossicle bone fusion
  • Almost always partial
42
Q

Nerve Deafness

A
  • Damage to nerve pathway; receptor cells, cochlear nerve, or brain
  • Can be partial or complete
43
Q

Olfaction

A

One of the chemical senses (smell)

44
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A

Activated by airborne chemical substances dissolved in fluid from mucous membrane

45
Q

Olfactory Nerves (CN I)
(3)

A
  • Bipolar receptor cells
  • Found in the olfactory epithelium
  • Travel through ethmoid bone at the cribriform plate
46
Q

Olfactory Bulbs (3)

A
  • Dendrites terminate here
  • Masses of gray matter
  • Synapse w/ other neurons in the pathway
47
Q

Olfactory Tracts

A

Carry info to temporal lobes

48
Q

Smell

A
  • Combination of a limited number of primary odors detectable by the brain
    >floral
    >ethereal
    >camphorates
    >musky
    >peppermint
    >pungent
    >putrid
49
Q

Anosmia

A
  • Loss of smell
  • Due to:
    >TBI
    >Temporary or permanent
    >Gradual or sudden
50
Q

Gustatory System

A

Responsible for the special sense of taste

51
Q

Taste (3)

A
  • Gustation (anatomical word for taste)
  • Chemical sense
  • Activated by chemical substances dissolved in saliva
52
Q

Tongue (4)

A
  • Grips food
  • Repositions food in the teeth
  • Forms bolus of compact food
  • Assists in swallowing
53
Q

Tongue Anatomy

A
  • Apex
  • Root
  • Frenulum
  • Papillae
54
Q

Tongue Papillae

A

Raised bumps on the tongue

55
Q

3 Types of Tongue Papillae

A
  • Circumvallate
  • Fungiform
    >both contain taste buds
  • Filiform
56
Q

Taste Buds (2)

A
  • Contain chemical receptors stimulated by chemicals in food
  • Found on tongue, surface of mouth, and wall of pharynx
57
Q

Gustatory Cells (2)

A
  • Chemoreceptor cells of taste buds
  • Terminates in a gustatory hair which projects into saliva
58
Q

Supporting Cells (3)

A
  • Forms bulk of taste bud
  • Separate taste receptor cells from each other
  • Help maintain gustatory cells
59
Q

Basal Cells

A
  • Stem cells
  • Divide and differentiate into new support cells, then to new gustatory cells
60
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

61
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature receptors

62
Q

Taste Pathway

A
  • Food chemicals contact gustatory hairs
  • Generate action potential in dendrites wrapped around gustatory cells
  • Facial nerve:
    >taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve:
    >taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Thalamus
  • Parietal lobe
63
Q

Ageusia

A
  • Loss of taste
    >TBI
    >Brain tumor
  • Also impacted by loss of smell
    >Nasal congestion
64
Q

The interior of the eye (posterior to the lens) is filled with ___.

A

Vitreous fluid

65
Q

Vitreous Fluid

A

A gel-like fluid that fills the eye and helps to hold the retina firmly to choroid

66
Q

True or False: the vision pathway begins at the optic tracts, crosses at the optic chiasm, and then moves through the optic nerve

A

False; the pathway begins at the optic nerves, crosses at the optic chiasm, and then moves through the optic tracts

67
Q

Where is the LGN located?

A

Thalamus

68
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

The region where the optic tracts terminate in the thalamus

69
Q

True or False: the nasal visual field is the visual field on the lateral sides of each eye

A

False; the peripheral visual fields is the visual field on the lateral sides of each eye

70
Q

What allows for 3D vision?

A

Overlapping information in the nasal visual fields allows for 3D vision, called the binocular visual field

71
Q

True or False: only the medial fibers cross at the optic chiasm?

A

True

72
Q

The left side of the brain receives information from the _________ of the left eye and the ________ of the right eye

A

Medial side
Lateral side
(bilateral right visual fields)

73
Q

The medial rectus turns the eye _____. The medial rectus is controlled by CN _____.

A

The medial rectus turns the eye medially. The medial rectus is controlled by CN III, oculomotor

74
Q

What bone touches the inner ear to transmit vibrations?

A

Stapes

75
Q

The semicircular canals contribute in this way to the body’s _____ sense.

A

Vestibular

76
Q

The movement of the stereocilia stimulates the neurons to send impulses through the _____ nerve to the _______ lobe of the brain.

A

Cochlear
Temporal

77
Q

What is unique about the way the auditory pathway travels to the brain?

A

The auditory pathway is a unique sensory pathway because the ascending pathways cross in addition to sending signals to the same side of the brain. The result is that sounds from each ear are equally interpreted on the left and right sides of the brain.

78
Q

Olfactory nerves contain what type of receptor cells?

A

Bipolar receptor cells

79
Q

The olfactory nerves travel through what bone?

A

Ethmoid bone at the cribriform plate

80
Q

What is the order of the olfactory nerve pathway?

A

Olfactory nerves → olfactory bulbs → olfactory tracts→ temporal lobes

81
Q

True or False: The apex of the tongue is located on the anterior aspect of the mouth.

A

True

82
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A compact mass of food, prepared by the tongue and teeth

83
Q

True or False: The taste pathway sends signals via only one cranial nerve to the brain

A

False; two nerves - facial and glossopharyngeal

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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