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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum

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2
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluids
Contains: 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
4th ventricle drains into central canal and contains CSF

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3
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect CNS organs and enclose CSF

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4
Q

Dura Mater

A

The leathery, double-layered outer menix

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5
Q

Subdural Space

A

Below the dura mater, separates dura from arachnoid

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6
Q

Arachnoid Menix

A

The middle, loose layer of meninx separated from the dura by the subdural space

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7
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Beneath arachnoid meninx, contains blood vessels and is filled with CSF

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8
Q

Pia Mater

A

The inner meninx, a thin connective tissue tightly attached to brain

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

-A special fluid formed in the walls of the ventricles from blood plasma to cushion brain & spinal cord, provide buoyancy, and allows brain to float
-Permeates through choroid plexus

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10
Q

Choroid Plexus

A
  • Formed from a network of blood vessels within the ventricles
  • Produces CSF
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11
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

A diffusion barrier tht prevents most particles from entering the CNS tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. It is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations which could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons.

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12
Q

Cerebrum

A

The foremost part of the brain, 83% total brain mass, 2 large masses; left & right cerebral hemisphere
Responsible for consciousness and controls actions of the cerebellum by acting on sensory input via the thalamus

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12
Q

Median Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Controls the right side of the body

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14
Q

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Controls the left side of the body

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15
Q

Gyri

A

Raised ridges of tissue on the surface of the brain

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16
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves that separate gyri

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17
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves that separate large regions of the brain

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18
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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19
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer portion of cerebral hemispheres, highly convoluted and gray in color

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21
Q

Lobes of the Brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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22
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Controls the higher level executive functions: reasoning & decision making, also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions

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23
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Receives sensory info from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin for touch, pressure, and pain

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24
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Interprets visual input

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25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Has sensory areas for hearing and smelling
2 lobes on each side of brain

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26
Q

Primary Areas

A

In each lobe that receive or send info for one type of sensory or motor info for direct processing

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27
Q

Association Areas

A

Act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory info for purposeful action

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28
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

a.k.a Precentral Gyrus or Somamotor Cortex
A portion of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body

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29
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

a.k.a Postcentral Gyrus or Somatosensory Cortex
The parietal lobe receives sensory info from the parts of the body

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30
Q

Association Area

A

Contained in each lobe, receives info from other lobes and integrates it into higher, more complex levels of consciousness

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31
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in frontal lobe, responsible for speech production

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32
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located in temporal lobe, responsible for speech comprehension

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33
Q

Consciousness

A

Cerebrum is responsible for the state of being awake and aware of a person’s surroundings

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34
Q

What is Included in the Brainstem?

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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35
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Contains vital life sustaining centers:
>REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT
>BREATHING
>Vasoconstriction
>Vomiting
>Coughing
>Swallowing
>Hiccuping

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36
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Constriction of blood vessels

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37
Q

Pons

A

-Functions w/ medulla for regulation of heartbeat and has reflex centers for head movements in response to visual & auditory stimuli
-Contains bundles of axons traveling btwn cerebrum and rest of CNS

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38
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Relay station for tracts passing btwn cerebrum & spinal cord or cerebellum
  • Also has reflex centers for visual, auditory, & tactile response
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39
Q

Superior & Inferior Colliculi

A
  • Control the head & neck in response to a sudden visual or auditory stimuli
  • Located on posterior portion of midbrain
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40
Q

What is the Diencephalon Composed of?

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Epithalamus

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41
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Maintains homeostasis and contains centers for regulating body functions:
    >Hunger
    >Sleep
    >Thirst
    >Body Temp
    >Water Balance
    >Blood Pressure
  • Controls the pituitary gland and serves as a link btwn the nervous syst and endocrine syst
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42
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates body hormones of endocrine system

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43
Q

Endocrine System

A

Controls the body’s hormonal production

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44
Q

Thalamus

A

Central relay station for sensory impulses traveling into the brain, receives all sensory impulses except smell
Roof of the third ventricle, last portion of brain for sensory input before cerebrum

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45
Q

Epithalamus

A

Mostly composed of the pineal gland
Forms roof of the third ventricle

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46
Q

Pineal Body

A

Secretes melatonin, regulates wake-sleep cycle

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47
Q

Cerebellum

A

-“mini-brain”
-Coordinates body movements, relays info to cerebral motor cortex:
>Maintains Balance
>Eye Movements
>Maintains Muscle Tone
-2 hemispheres w/ deep fissures subdividing into 3 lobes
-Contains outer gray matter & internal white matter

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48
Q

Maintaining Muscle Tone

A

The degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest to keep bones and joints in place

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49
Q

Anterior & Posterior Lobes

A
  • Receives info from body trunk
  • Influences motor actions of trunk, shoulder, & pectoral girdle muscles
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50
Q

Vermis

A

Intermediate portion of cerebellum, coordinates limb movements

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51
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Connects the cerebellum to the other parts of the brain, located on anterior portion

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52
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of voluntary muscle motor coordination

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53
Q

Cingulate Gyrus
(limbic lobe)

A

-Connects different lobes of cerebrum
-Deep to cerebrum

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54
Q

Hippocampus

A

Storage and retrieval of memories

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55
Q

Amygdala

A

A small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger

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56
Q

Fornix

A

Bundle of nerve fibers: connection to hippocampus

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57
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Fibers project into thalamus that assist w/ memory of smell

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58
Q

“Feeling Brain”

A

Since stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow.

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59
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Lasts only a few seconds
Ex: recalling a 7-digit phone #

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60
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Lasts hours to years
Ex: recalling events of the day

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61
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Basal Nuclei
  • Responsible for coordination w/ cerebellum to regulate motor planning movements & motor learning
  • Inhibitory effect on cerebral cortex
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62
Q

Inhibitory Effect on Cerebral Cortex (3)

A
  • Slows & controls precise movements
  • Portion in charge of motor planning
  • Relays modified plan back to cerebrum
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63
Q

Parts of the Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus (medial & lateral portion)

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64
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

A disorder of the basal ganglia

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65
Q

Apraxia

A

Difficulty w/ motor planning, results in rigid movements and executing a motor plan

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66
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Abt 17 inches long, extends from brainstem to first lumbar vertebra; terminates at the conus medullaris

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67
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

-Terminal end of spinal cord

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68
Q

Cauda Equina

A

-Extension of cord beyond L1, is a collection of nerve roots, ends at coccyx
-Spinal cord + Cauda Equina is how all electrical impulses travel btwn brain & rest of body

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69
Q

The Spinal Cord is Protected by…

A

Vertebral Column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid

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70
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of tissue that cover and protect brain and spinal cord

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71
Q

Spinal Dura Mater

A

A single layer sheath underneath adipose tissue

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72
Q

(Spinal) Epidural Space

A

Area btwn spinal dura mater and vertebral wall contains fat and small blood vessels

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73
Q

(Spinal) Arachnoid Mater

A

-2nd innermost layer that covers the spinal cord
-CSF is btwn arachnoid and pia mater

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74
Q

(Spinal) Pia Mater

A

Innermost membrane tightly adhered to brain and spinal cord

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75
Q

Filum Terminate

A

Extension of pia mater, runs from conus medullaris to coccyx where it provides the inferior anchor for spinal cord

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76
Q

Spinal Cord has 2 Grooves

A

Anterior Median Fissure
Posterior Median Sulcus

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77
Q

Central Canal

A

An opening that runs length of spinal cord & filled w/ CSF

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78
Q

White Matter

A

Outer layer of spinal cord w/ 2 regions

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79
Q

Columns

A

Nerve fibers of white matter

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80
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of nerve axons of white matter

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81
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

Fibers that proceed up to brain carrying sensory inputs

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82
Q

Descending Tracts

A

Fiber that proceed down the cord carrying motor outputs

83
Q

Commissural

A

Fibers that cross over

84
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Spinal nerve that carries incoming sensory (afferent) neurons

85
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons

86
Q

Ventral Root

A

Contains the axons of motor neurons

87
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Combination of dorsal & ventral roots on each side

88
Q

Gray Matter

A

Inside the white matter; composed of a mixture of cell bodies of neurons

89
Q

Gray Commissure

A

Cross over of gray matter, connects the 2 posterior & anterior horns

90
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Horns

A

Contains somatic (voluntary) motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to skeletal muscles by way of ventral roots

91
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) Horns

A

Serve as one of the afferent pathways from receptors by dorsal roots

92
Q

Lateral Horns

A

Only found at thoracic level, contain autonomic (involuntary) sympathetic motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to visceral organs via ventral roots

93
Q

Where is the PNS?

A

Outisde of CNS
Made up of nerves, apart of the somatic syst & autonomic syst

94
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Contains nerves that control skeletal muscles, skin, & joints

95
Q

Receptors

A

Exterior sense organs, receive environmental stimuli and initiate nerve impulses toward CNS

96
Q

Effectors

A

Muscle fibers & glands that bring about a reaction to stimulus in PNS

97
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Contains nerves that control smooth muscles of internal organs and glands

98
Q

Visceral Motor Nerves

A

Nerves in the autonomic syst. that have control over smooth muscles/involuntary functions

99
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 paired nerves of PNS attached to the brain
  • Do not intersect w/ spinal cord
  • Connect muscles & organs directly to brain
100
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Have long dendrites of sensory neurons only

101
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Have long axons of motor neurons only

102
Q

Mixed Nerves

A

Have both long axons of motor neurons and long dendrites of sensory neurons

103
Q

Special Sensory Nerves

A

Carry info for “special” senses: sight, hearing, smell, balance

104
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A
  • CN I - 1 - A
  • Special sensory for sense of smell
  • Only CN that is attached to cerebrum, not brainstem
  • Originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in olfactory bulbs
105
Q

Optic Nerve

A
  • CN II - 2 - B
  • Special sensory nerve for sense of sight
  • Originate in retinas of each eye & cross at the optic chiasm
  • Synapse in the thalamus to occipital lobe to interpret info
106
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A
  • CN III - 3 - C
  • Motor nerve responsible for eye movement
  • Somatic Motor : superior, inferior, & medial rectus (inferior oblique muscles for eye movement)
  • Visceral Motor : dilation or contraction of pupil
107
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A
  • CN IV - 4 - D
  • Somatic motor nerve responsible for movement of superior oblique (able to look down)
108
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • CN V - 5 - D/E
  • Mixed (both) Nerve
  • Responsible for chewing (mastication) and sensation of face, nose, & mouth
  • Ophthalmic Branch, Maxillary Branch, Mandibular Branch
109
Q

Ophthalmic Branch

A
  • Sensory Nerve
  • Receives sensory info from forehead, eyebrows, and upper part of nose
110
Q

Maxillary Branch

A
  • Sensory Nerve
  • Receives info from lower eyelids, upper lip, upper gums, & upper teeth
111
Q

Mandibular Branch

A
  • Mixed Nerves
  • Receives sensory info from lower gums, lower teeth & lips, and from the tongue; hot, cold, pressure
  • Motor portion controls the muscles for mastication
112
Q

Abducens Nerve

A
  • CN VI - 6 - E/F
  • Motor nerve
  • Responsible for eye movement innervating the lateral rectus muscles, makes the eye move outward; abduction of eye
113
Q

Facial Nerve

A
  • CN VII - 7 - F/G
  • Mixed (both) Nerve responsible for facial expressions
  • Somatic Motor : muscles of facial expression
  • Sensory : sensation of tongue, taste on the anterior portion of tongue
  • Visceral Motor : lacrimal glands (tears), nasal mucous glands
114
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A
  • CN VIII - 8 - G/H
  • Special sensory nerve responsible for hearing & balance
  • Travels through a hole in temporal bone called internal acoustic meatus
  • Vestibular & Cochlear branch
115
Q

Vestibular Branch

A

Responsible for balance & equilibrium

116
Q

Cochlear Branch

A

Responsible for sense of hearing

117
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A
  • CN IX - 9 - H/I
  • Mixed Nerve
  • Sensory : taste on posterior portion of tongue
  • Motor : muscles for swallowing
  • Visceral Motor : parotid salivary glands
118
Q

Vagus Nerve

A
  • CN X - 10 - I/J
  • Mixed (both) nerve that spreads out widely in abdomen
  • Responsible for digestion, heart rate, & sensation of digestive tract
119
Q

(Spinal) Accessory Nerve

A
  • CN XI - 11 - J/K
  • Motor nerve responsible for rotation of head and movement of upper shoulders
120
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A
  • CN XII - 12 - K/L
  • Motor nerve responsible for tongue movements
121
Q

Nerve

A

Found in the PNS, consists of many axons wrapped together in connective tissue

122
Q

Axons

A

Parts of different neurons, but when bundled together can travel to the same location in body

123
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS

124
Q

How Many Pairs of Spinal Nerves?

A

31 total
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

125
Q

How Many Roots in Spinal Nerves?

A

2 total
Dorsal Root
Ventral Root

126
Q

Rami

A

This is what the branches are called that spinal nerves divide into

127
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A
  • Serve the dorsal trunk
  • Carries visceral motor, somatic motor, & sensory info
  • Sensory info from skin & muscles of the base
128
Q

Ventral Ramus

A
  • Serve ventral trunk
  • Upper/lower limbs
  • Carries visceral motor, somatic motor, & sensory info to and from body surface, body wall, and limbs
129
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

A network of interconnecting nerves from the ventral rami; cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

130
Q

Afferent Signals

A
  • Received by spinal nerves
  • Signal passes through dorsal roots, into spinal cord, then finally up to brain for processing
131
Q

Efferent Signals

A
  • Commands are initiated in CNS, where brain decides to make a move
  • Signal is sent down spinal cord to appropriate level, then out ventral roots, signal carried via spinal nerve to appropriate destination to muscle fiber to enable voluntary muscular contraction
132
Q

Dermatomes

A

A region of skin that carries sensory info through a specific pair of spinal nerves to spinal cord and up to the brain (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)

133
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

134
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A
  • C3-C5
  • Most important nerve of cervical plexus, supplies motor & sensory fibers to diaphragm
135
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of motor function

136
Q

Ventilator

A

Mechanical ventilation

137
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Ventral rami of sensory nerves C5-T1

138
Q

3 Trunks of Brachial Plexus

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

139
Q

2 Divisions of Trunks from Brachial Plexus

A

Anterior
Posterior

140
Q

3 Cords from Divisions of Brachial Plexus

A

Lateral
Posterior
Middle

141
Q

Nerves from Brachial Plexus (4)

A
  • Long thoracic nerve
  • Suprascapular Nerve
  • Pectoral Nerves
  • Thoracodorsal Nerves
142
Q

Axillary Nerve

A
  • Motor info to 3 muscles:
  • Deltoid (muscle of shoulder)
  • Teres Minor (rotator cuff)
  • Long head of Triceps Brachii (elbow extensor)
  • Also carries sensory info from shoulder joint
143
Q

Radial Nerve

A
  • Triceps Brachii
  • 12 muscles of the forearm for wrist & finger extension
  • Carries sensory info from associated joints & overlying skin
144
Q

Median Nerve

A
  • Flexor muscles of forearm
  • Thenar muscles
  • Sensory Info : skin on digits 1-3 and half of digit 4
145
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A
  • Flexor muscles of forearm, wrist, & hand
  • Sensory Info : skin on half of digit 4 & digit 5
146
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A
  • C5-C7
  • Flexor muscles of elbow
    • Biceps brachii
    • Brachialis
  • Sensory Info : skin on radial side of forearm
147
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • Ventral rami of (T12)L1-L4
  • 2 divisions, anterior & posterior, branch into nerves to supply the pelvis and lower extremities
148
Q

Femoral Nerve

A
  • Largest of lumbar
  • Hip flexor
  • Knee extensors
  • Sensation : skin on anterior thigh
149
Q

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

A

Sensation : skin on anterior, lateral, & posterior surfaces of thigh

150
Q

Saphenous Nerve

A

Sensation : skin from medial surface of the leg

151
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Ventral rami of L4-S4

152
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A
  • Largest nerve in body
  • Supplies inferior trunk & posterior surface of thigh
153
Q

Common Fibular (peroneal) Nerve

A

Travels laterally

154
Q

Tibial Nerve

A

Travels along posterior surface of tibia

155
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A division of the PNS
Contains motor neurons that control internal organs and sensory neurons come from internal organs
Cell bodies are in the DRG for somatic sensation

156
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS

157
Q

Preganglionic Axon

A
  • Motor neuron cell body located in spinal cord/brain
  • This axon synapses w/ a second motor neuron located in the autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord
158
Q

Postganglionic Axon

A

After synapsing in an autonomic ganglion, the axon of the ganglionic motor neuron synapses on an effector organ in PNS

159
Q

The Sympathetic System

A
  • Thoracolumbar Division
  • Contains preganglionic fibers from thoracic & lumbar segments of the spinal cord
  • Widespread targets, cover large regions
160
Q

Sympathetic System Roles

A
  • “Fight or Flight” Response : muscles need steady, increased supply of glucose and oxygen, accelerates heart rate, dilates bronchi
  • Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose
  • Sympathetic activation inhibits digestion
161
Q

Neurotransmitter of Symp. Syst.

A

-Norepinephrine (NE)
-Neuron : adrenergic

162
Q

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia

A
  • Lateral Ganglia
  • Located on both sides of spinal cord, contain ganglia for symp. syst. that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head, & limbs
163
Q

Celiac Ganglia (3)

A
  • Symp. Syst.
  • Largest of ganglia
  • Innervates the digestive tract
164
Q

Superiomesenteric Ganglion

A
  • Symp. Syst.
  • Innervates small intestine and parts of large intestine
165
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

A
  • Symp. Syst.
  • Innervates large intestine, kidneys, bladder & sex organs
166
Q

The Parasympathetic System (3)

A
  • Craniosacral Division
  • Contains preganglionic fibers from the brainstem and sacral divisions of spinal cord
  • More specific targets
167
Q

“Housekeeper System”

A
  • Nickname for Parasymp. Syst.
  • Responses associated w/ a relaxed state:
    > Pupil constriction
    > Slows heart rate
    > Promotes digestion:
    ~ secretion of digestive glands
    ~ smooth muscles of GI tract
168
Q

Neurotransmitter of Parasymp. Syst.

A

-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-neuron : cholinergic

169
Q

Ciliary Ganglion (3)

A
  • Parasymp. Syst.
  • Associated w/ CN 3
  • Target glands: intrinsic eye muscles, which change the pupil and lens
170
Q

Pterygopalatine & Submandibular Ganglion (3)

A
  • Parasymp. Syst.
  • Associated w/ CN 7
  • Target organs: tear production, nasal glands, and salivary glands
171
Q

Otic Ganglion (3)

A
  • Parasymp. Syst.
  • Associated w/ CN 9
  • Target glands: parotid glands
172
Q

Intramural Ganglia (3)

A
  • Parasymp. Syst.
  • Associated w/ CN 10
  • Target Glands: visceral organs within thoracic cavity
173
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A
  • Head is moving and suddenly stopped
    > head hits object
    > motor vehicle accident
    > sports
    > falling
174
Q

Brain Damage Locations

A
  • Site of location
  • Opposite side of skull due to recoil
175
Q

Consussion

A
  • Slight TBI, effects usually temporary but minor effects can linger
  • Symptoms:
    > dizziness
    > brief loss of consciousness
    > headaches - can linger
    > no permanent neurological damage
176
Q

Contusion

A
  • Significant neuronal tissue damage
  • Symptoms:
    > unconsciousness (coma), can last hours to lifetime
177
Q

Hemorrhage

A

A rupture in a blood vessel, causes blood to accumulate in skull

178
Q

Intracranial Pressure

A
  • The amount of pressure available inside skull
    > limited due to enclosed skull
    > rises after hemorrhage
179
Q

Damage of Intracranial Pressure

A
  • Damage & compression of brain tissue
  • Forces brainstem down through foramen magnum
    > damage to brainstem
    > decreased control of heart rate
    > respiration is lost
    > fatal without intervention
180
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Impaired motor coordination
  • Injury to cerebellum, smooth gait
181
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A
  • Stroke
  • Occurs when blood circulation is blocked within brain
  • Brain tissue dies due to lack of oxygen & nutrients
  • Severity depends on vessel blockage
182
Q

Hemorrhagic CVA

A
  • “Brain bleed”
  • Blood vessels in brain ruptures
183
Q

Ischemic CVA

A

Blockage in artery from a clot (embolus) or fat deposit

184
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Small clot causes a temporary blockage in flow, resolves quickly

185
Q

Stroke Survivor Symptoms

A
  • Depends on part of brain impacted
  • Paralysis
  • Cognitive changes
  • Speech impairment
  • Emotional changes
186
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Undamaged neurons in surrounding area spread into the area of injury

187
Q

Recovery for Stroke

A
  • Physical, occupational, speech therapy
  • Act FAST:
    >Facial drooping
    >Arm weakness
    >Speech difficulty
    >Time to call 911
188
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Form of dementia
  • Progressive degenerative disease of brain
  • Results in mental decline, until brain can no longer control basic bodily functions, fatal
  • Decreased brain tissue
189
Q

Structural Changes of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Formation of plaques
  • Entanglement of neurons
  • Lack of neural firing
  • Leads to neuron death
  • Spreads through all brain tissue
  • Shrinkage of cerebral cortex gray matter
190
Q

Stages of Alzheimer’s

A
  • Early: difficulty remembering newly learned info
  • Mid: brain loss interferes w/ basic memory skills
    >mood, behavioral changes (frontal lobe)
    >disorientation to surroundings
    >often stressful for caregivers
  • Late: person has difficulty speaking, swallowing, & walking
191
Q

What areas of the brain does the limbic system connect?

A

The frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

192
Q

Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid

A

The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. The fact that the limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory.

193
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

194
Q

Compression of the ______ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Median nerve

195
Q

Compression of the ______ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign

A

Ulnar

196
Q

Sciatica results from compression of what nerve?

A

Sciatic

197
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • a.k.a Lou Gehrig’s disease
  • A rare neuromuscular condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons
  • Causes paralysis, progressively loses the ability to speak, swallow, and eventually breathe
198
Q

Complete (or total) Spinal Cord Injury

A
  • If the spinal cord is completely severed at any level
  • Total motor and sensory loss is experienced in body regions below the site of the damage, even if the spinal cord is intact below the level of injury
199
Q

Paraplegia

A

Lower limb paralysis, may occur if the spinal cord is injured between T1 and L1

200
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Where the median nerve and the flexor tendons of the hand travel through

201
Q

Flexor Retinaculum

A

A fibrous connective tissue band that forms the anterior roof of the carpal tunnel

202
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A
  • Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, causes decreased sensation in the first three digits and half of the fourth digit
  • No treatment = decreased hand strength
203
Q

Claw Hand

A

The inability to open the 4th and 5th fingers caused by flexion at the IP joints and hyperextension of the MCP joints in digits 4 and 5

204
Q

Sciatica

A

Increased pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles, resulting in pain following the path of the sciatic nerve in the lower pelvis and posterior thigh

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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