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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is TRUE concerning spermatogenesis?
- Production of sperm takes 20 days
- Spermatogenesis is complete at the time of birth
- Males have all the sperm at birth that will be made during their lifetime
- Each primary spermatocyte produces 4 viable gametes
- Each gamete has a total of 46 chromosomes

A

Each primary spermatocyte produces 4 viable gametes

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the vaginal wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Adventitia
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3
Q

Second stage of labor

A

The stage during which the baby moves out through the vagina and is delivered

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4
Q

T or F: the mammary alveoli begin at the nipple and divides into numerous other lobules

A

False
ducts begin at the nipple and divide

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5
Q

Which of the following is FALSE concerning human cells?

A

A zygote has 23 chromosomes

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6
Q

Tail of sperm

A

Locomotor region; flagellum

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7
Q

Describe the purpose of the cervix during pregnancy

A

When a female becomes pregnant a mucous plug develops in the cervix and prevents any bacteria or pathogens from entering the uterus, thus protecting the health of the developing fetus. A firm, closed cervix also holds the developing fetus in the uterus until it reaches full term.

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8
Q

What does the follicle become after ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

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9
Q

Blood tests indicate that progesterone and estrogen levels are both increased. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle?

A

Secretory Phase

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10
Q

Name blastocyst supportive cells

A
  • Amnion
  • Placenta
  • Umbilical cord
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11
Q

Describe the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Maintains pregnancy if egg is fertilized and disintegrates if no fertilization occurs

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12
Q

This layer of the uterus contracts during labor

A

Myometrium

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13
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone

A
  • Estrogen is important in the production of eggs and the menstrual cycle. Also responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
  • Progesterone is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy but does not promote secondary sexual characteristics.
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14
Q

Which of the following is TRUE concerning human cells

A

Gamete cells are haploid cells

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15
Q

All of the following are functions of the ovaries except:
- Production of eggs
- Maintaining the development of a fetus
- Production of estrogen
- Development of the corpus lutem

A

Maintaining the development of a fetus

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16
Q

Blood tests indicate that estrogen and LH levels are both elevated. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle?

A

Proliferative Phase

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17
Q

Discuss in detail the layers of cells that form the embryo

A
  • Ectoderm: the skin and nervous tissue develop from the outer ectoderm layer
  • Endoderm: the inner endoderm layer forms the glands (thyroid, parathyroid, & thymus), solid organs (liver & pancreas), and the lining of the hollow organs of the digestive and respiratory systems
  • Mesoderm: all other tissues, including the cardiovascular system, RBCs, and muscle develop from the middle mesoderm layer
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18
Q

Match the gland/organs with the best description
1. Seminal Vesicles
2. Prostate Gland
3. Bulbourethral Glands
4. Testes
5. Anterior Pituitary
A. First to secrete during ejaculation
B. Produces FSH
C. Produces sperm
D. Secretes fructose
E. Secretes alkaline fluid
F. Produces prostaglandins
G. Secretes acidic fluid

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles: D & F - fructose, prostaglandins
  2. Prostate Gland: E - alkaline fluid
  3. Bulbourethral Glands: A & E - alkaline fluid, first secretion
  4. Testes: C - produces sperm
  5. Anterior Pituitary: B - produces FSH
19
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning oogenesis?
- It begins at the time of puberty
- The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte
- Each primary oocyte produces in two to three to mature ova
- The first polar body maintains all the cytoplasm
- B&C are true

A

The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte

20
Q

T or F: each mammary gland contains 12-24 lobules

A

True

21
Q

Discuss the supportive cells of the blastocyst and their purpose during pregnancy

A
  • The amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord
  • The amnion forms a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus
  • The placenta is a temporary organ that carries out nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine functions for the embryo. The baby continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for 9 months until it is time for delivery
  • The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta
22
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the organs of the male reproductive system

A

The testes function to produce sperm

23
Q

The urethral orifice is located _______ the vaginal orifice

A

Anterior to

24
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The dome-shaped top of the uterus

25
Q

Discuss in detail the action of sperm needed to fertilize an egg

A

The egg releases chemicals that attract the sperm. Sperm cells release enzymes that break apart the corona radiata, follicle cells that surround the egg. Once this is accomplished, more sperm release acrosomal enzymes that make a hole in the membrane of the egg, allowing one sperm to combine with the egg. When the union of the egg and one sperm occurs, the membrane of the egg instantly chemically changes, preventing other sperm from penetrating the egg.

26
Q

T or F: colostrum has a similar composition to milk but contains a lower concentration of protein

A

False

27
Q

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the functions of the vagina

A

It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy

28
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the female reproductive system

A

The ovaries are the site of estrogen and egg production

29
Q

This layer of the uterus is shed monthly

A

Endometrium

30
Q

Neck of sperm

A

Contains centrioles that form the microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

31
Q

List the steps that correctly order neurulation

A

Ectoderm > Convergence > Neural Fold > Neural Tube > Spinal Cord

32
Q

3rd stage of labor

A

The stage during which the afterbirth is expelled

33
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the vagina?
- The fundus is made of elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
- The wetness and moisture of the surface is achieved by mucous from the cervix
- The elastic fibers give the vaginal wall elasticity
- The mucosal lining can extend

A

The fundus is made of elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

34
Q

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from:

A

Ovarian follicle

35
Q

The ____ connects the seminal vesicle with the urethra to allow sperm to exit the body

A

Ejaculatory Duct

36
Q

Discuss the developmental steps of how a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterus

A

Zygote > Morula > Blastocyst

The zygote begins frequent mitotic cell divisions as it travels in the oviducts. The zygote spends about 3-4 days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula and another 3-4 days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation. Because of progesterone release from the corpus luteum, the endometrium increases its blood supply and secretes glycogen. The blastocyst implants into the endometrium of the uterus around day 7.

37
Q

Which of the following is false concerning the organs of the male reproductive system?
- The epididymis is the side of sperm maturation
- The vas deferens travels through the inguinal canal inside the abdomen
- Once produced, sperm travel to the seminal vesicles for maturation
- The epididymis is located on the posterior-lateral portion of the testis
- The testes function to produce sperm

A

Once produced, sperm travel to the seminal vesicles for maturation

38
Q

Describe the steps of oogenesis from primary oogonia to a mature ovum

A

Oogonia undergo mitosis division into 2 daughter cells, primary oocytes. The primary oocytes are covered by follicles, called primary follicles. This process is completed by birth. The anterior pituitary gland starts to secrete follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) when a female reaches puberty. FSH causes a few follicles to mature each month. The primary oocyte in the follicle undergoes it’s first meiotic division into 2 daughter cells; the secondary oocyte and the first polar body. If the secondary oocyte is united with a sperm after ovulation, the second meiotic division occurs which produces a second polar body and an ovum with 23 chromosomes.

39
Q

Label each of the following as occurring during the: 1st trimester, 2nd trimester, or 3rd trimester
1. Lungs fully mature
2. Lanugo develops
3. First fetal movements felt
4. Neurulation
5. Testes descend to scrotum

A
  1. 3rd
  2. 2nd
  3. 2nd
  4. 1st
  5. 3rd
40
Q

Which of the following is FLASE concerning spermatogenesis

A

Each gamete has a total of 23 chromosomes

41
Q

Label each of the following as occurring during the: 1st trimester, 2nd trimester, or 3rd trimester
1. Eyes begin to detect light and dark
2. Heart beat begins
3. Fingerprints develop
4. Sucking reflexes established
5. Fat develops under skin

A

2nd
1st
2nd
3rd
3rd

42
Q

Describe the purpose of the cervix prior to ovulation

A

Just prior to ovulation, the cervix swells, softens, and secretes mucus allowing sperm better access to and viability in the cervix

43
Q

The presence of _____ in urine will result in a positive pregnancy test taken at home

A

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

44
Q

T or F: milk is not produced during pregnancy because of the production of estrogen and progesterone

A

True

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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