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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 7 > Flashcards

Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: the kidneys are long, muscular tubes

A

False

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2
Q

A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged?

A

Yes, because the kidneys lie between T12 & L3

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3
Q

Describe the consistency. and purpose of the renal adipose capsule

A

Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma

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4
Q

These arteries feed the afferent arterioles

A

Interlobular

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5
Q

After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels

A

Efferent arteriole

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6
Q

Discuss 2 features of the bladder that allow for expansion

A
  • The muscular wall stretches and thins allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure
  • Rugae also extends to help the capacity of the bladder internally
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7
Q

An elderly male is unable to micturate. What is most likely causing the difficulty?

A

Urinary retention due to enlarged prostate

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8
Q

This region of the male urethra exits the bladder

A

Prostatic

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9
Q

What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

The difference in diameter

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10
Q

Micturition can be controlled consciously because of…

A

Voluntary control of the external sphincter

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11
Q

This is the pressure that depends upon a person’s blood pressure from the heart and vessels

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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12
Q

Calculate the filtration pressure for your patient given the following values:
Capsular Pressure = 13
Colloid Osmotic Pressure = 27
Hydrostatic Pressure = 65
GFR = 110

A

HP - (COP + CP)
= 65 - (27+13)
= 65 - 40
= 25 mmHg

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13
Q

Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to the kidney

A

During these times the renal auto-regulatory system is superseded by higher level nervous system controls. When the nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by the sympathetic nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR. Constriction of the renal arteries is only to be used for a short time.

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the RAA system

A

Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron

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15
Q

The greatest amount of ____ occurs in the PCT

A

Reabsorbtion

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16
Q

T or F: in the loop of henle, water can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb

A

False

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17
Q

Which of the following is FLASE concerning ADH

A

When ADH is in circulation dilute urine is excreted

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18
Q

Does urea make the deep medulla region higher or lower osmolarity?

A

Higher, urea contributes to the high osmolarity of the deep medullary region. The concentration of urea is relatively high in the filtrate of the distal convoluted tubule and the cortex regions of the collecting ducts because the tubules in the cortex are impermeable to it. The medullary collecting duct regions are highly permeable to urea, so it diffuses out of the ducts and into the medullary interstitial fluid. In the medulla it contributes to the high osmolarity until its concentrations inside and outside the duct are equal.

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19
Q

Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate

A

Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate

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20
Q

Describe the action of alcohol in urinary output

A

Alcohol is a type of diuretic that inhibits the release of ADH

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21
Q

Which of the following is FALSE concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors

A

If blood volume rises, they cause constriction of the afferent arterioles

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22
Q

Which of the follow is an abnormal solute in urine

A

Bile pigment

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23
Q

Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment

A

Intracellular

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24
Q

Urine with a pH of 9 is…

A

Out of range, alkaline

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25
Q

The chemical buffer systems…

A

Includes the bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems

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26
Q

Hypoventillation is a part of what control mechanism?

A

It means that blood pH is rising, respiratory rate is slowing down to add CO2. Part of the central nervous system

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27
Q

What control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body?

A

Renal control (kidneys)

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28
Q

Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with a panic attack. For the following questions, use the blood values of
pH = 8
PCO2 = 25
HCO3 = 24
1. Acidosis or alkalosis
2. Respiratory or metabolic
3. Compensated?
4. What is happening in the body to cause this?

A
  1. Alkalosis
  2. Respiratory
  3. No
  4. Hyperventilation from panic attack
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29
Q

Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule

A

The renal capsule is a tough fibrous outer skin of the kidney which protects it from injury and infection

30
Q

These arteries flow in between the renal pyramids

A

Interlobar

31
Q

Interlobar veins converge to form the ____

A

Arcuate veins

32
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about the location of the bladder

A

In females, the bladder sits above the uterus

33
Q

Describe the purpose of the urethral sphincters

A
  • The involuntary controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder
  • The voluntary controlled external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle, surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor
34
Q

An elderly man with dementia frequently micturates at inappropriate times. What is most likely causing this difficulty?

A

Incontinence due to end stage of dementia

35
Q

This is the smallest region of the male urethra

A

Membranous

36
Q

Describe the difference between the 2 types of nephrons

A
  • Cortical nephrons are in the cortex region os the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of hele which extends into the medulla
  • The remaining nephrons, called juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loop of henle
37
Q

This is the blood pressure driving fluid out of the capillaries:

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

38
Q

Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron

A

This is called renal autoregulation because the kidney determines its own rate of blood flow by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. By means of this autoregulatory system, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body.

39
Q

T or F: Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb

40
Q

What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to maintain homeostasis?

A

The movement of fluids in opposite directions through adjacent channels. In the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction through the renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in the opposite direction.

41
Q

Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the filtrate

A

Sodium is pumped out of the filtrate to be returned to the blood while potassium is excreted in the urine

42
Q

Describe the action of caffeine on the nephron

A

Caffeine is a diuretic that causes the renal tubules to increase in diameter, increasing the amount of flow through the tubules

43
Q

Which of the following is TRUE concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors

A

They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus

44
Q

The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of…

45
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system…

A

Is the main buffer system of interstitial fluid

46
Q

Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For the following questions, use the blood values of:
pH = 7.1
PCO2 = 30
HCO3 = 20
1. Acidosis or Alkalosis
2. Metabolic or Respiratory
3. Compensated?
4. What is the body doing to compensate if so?

A
  1. Acidosis
  2. Metabolic
  3. Yes
  4. Hyperventilation to increase CO2
47
Q

T or F: the bladder drains into the ureters

A

False; urethra

48
Q

A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T3 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged?

A

No, the kidneys lie between T12 and L3

49
Q

What causes the extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

In the afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

50
Q

This is the pressure that depends upon the amount of proteins in the filtrate

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

51
Q

Which of the following is not reabsorbed in the PCT

A

Hydrogen ions

52
Q

Which of the following is TRUE concerning ADH

A

It retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate

53
Q

Pus is an indication of

54
Q

Urine with a pH of 5 is…

A

Normal range; acidic

55
Q

The renal control mechanism depends on what 2 factors?

A
  • Hydrogen ion secretion
  • Conversion of bicarbonate
56
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about the location of the bladder?
1. In males, the bladder is anterior to the rectum
2. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus
3. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus
4. In males, the bladder is above the prostate gland

A
  1. In females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus
  2. In females, the bladder is in between the rectum and the uterus
57
Q

T or F: the bladder drains into the ureters

58
Q

Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal fascia

A

The outer renal fascia is dense fibrous connective tissue which keeps the kidney in place inside the abdominal cavity

59
Q

These arteries flow in between the renal pyramids:
1. Afferent
2. Lobar
3. Interlobular
4. Arcuate
5. Renal

A

Interlobular

60
Q

After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels
1. Efferent arteriole
2. Lobar veins
3. Interlobular veins
4. Arcuate artery
5. Vasa recta

A

Efferent arteriole

61
Q

A patient was just placed under general anesthesia. He is now awake and telling you he is having a hard time excreting urine. What is most likely causing the difficulty?

A

Urinary retention due to slowed detrusor muscle

62
Q

Micturition can be controlled consciously because of…

A

Voluntary control over the external sphincter

63
Q

Describe the action of a drug that increased the flow through the nephron

A

This would be a diuretic. When the filtrate moves at a faster rate through the nephron it allows less time for ions to be removed from the filtrate

64
Q

A person is hyperventilating. This falls under what control mechanism? Explain why hyperventilation accomplishes?

A

Accomplishes respiratory control. Hyperventilation is an increase in the respiratory rate, helping to remove additional CO2. Within minutes, increasing amounts of CO2 is removed. Removing CO2 uses up H+ causes the pH to rise (becomes more alkaline) and restores correct blood pH.

65
Q

Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal capsule

A

Its a tough fibrous outer tissue of the kidney. It provides protection from injuries and infection

66
Q

Name the cross section of the kidney

A

Pyramid of medulla

67
Q

These arteries divided into the segmental arteries as they flow into the kidney

68
Q

Name the region of nephron

A

Descending limb of loop of Henle

69
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about the location of the bladder

A

In females, the vagina is behind the bladder

70
Q

Discuss 2 features of the bladder that allows for expansion

A
  1. Rugae
  2. Traditional epithelium
  3. The muscular wall

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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