Module 3: Plant Cell Structure Flashcards
organisms which are made up of large and complex cells
eukaryotes
organisms which are made up of small and simple cells.
prokaryotes
is rectangular and comparatively larger than the animal cell
plant cell
What Makes Plant Cell Unique?
- plant cells have cell wall
- plant cells contain vacuoles
- plant cells contain chloroplasts
provides strength and support to the plant and is mainly made up of cellulose and lignin
cell wall
cell wall main chemical component
cellulose
other components in a cell wall
lignin, suberin, cutin
living component of cells
protoplasm
the protoplasm is organized into protoplasmic bodies called
organelles
2 main regions of the protoplast:
cytoplasm (outer)
nucleus (inner)
bounded by protoplasmic membrane where most organelles are mosty found
cytoplasm
round, oval, or irregularly shaped inclusions. its function is to faciliate light collection, conversion of energy and its storage
plastids
green plastids
chloroplasts
colored plastids
chromoplasts
takes up more than 30%-80% of the cells. it helps to support the cell because the liquid inside exerts an outward pressure on the cell.
vacuoles
organelle responsible for harnessing energy from the sun and storing it in chemical bonds of sugar to use later
chloroplasts
chloroplasts contain this green pigment that gives leaves their color and absorbs light energy.
chlorophyll
The specialized plant cells include:
- parenchyma cells
- sclerenchyma cells
- collenchyma cells
- xylem cells
- phloem cells
hard or rigid cells, which play a primary role in providing support to the plants when there is restraining growth in a plant due to lack of hardening agent in primary walls.
Collenchyma Cells
these cells are more rigid compared to collenchyma cells and this is because of the presence of a hardening agent. These cells are usually found in all plant roots and mainly involved in providing support to the plants.
Sclerenchyma Cells
what color do collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells stain in prepared slides?
stain red
A common type of sclerenchyma cell
fiber and sclereids or stone cells
play a significant role in all plants. They are the living cells of plants, which are involved in the production of leaves. They are also involved in the exchange of gases, production of food, storage of organic products and cell metabolism. These cells are typically more flexible than others because they are thinner.
Parenchyma Cells
transport cells in vascular plants. They help in the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plants
Xylem Cells
they transport food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plants.
Phloem Cells
onion scientific name
Allium cepa
digman leaf
Hydrilla verticillata
tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
potato
Solanum tuberosum
bangka-bangkaan
Tradescantia spathacea
dumbcane
Dieffenbachia sp.
alikbangon
Commelina
banana
Musa paradisiaca
mayana
Plectranthus scutellariodes
kangkong
Ipomea aquatica
santan
Ixora sp
mongo
Phaseolus vulgaris
patola
Luffa acutangula
coconut husk
Cocos nucifera
solution used to stain onion specimen
iodine
what specimen is used to examine living green cells?
Hydrilla verticillata (digman)
what specimen is used to examine coloured bodies in a cell?
tomato
what specimen is used to examine vacuoles and its content in a cell?
Tradescanthia spathacea (bangka-bangkaan)
- thin cell walls and the protoplast is alive at maturity
- various functions such as making food, storing food, or developing into other specialized functions.
Parenchyma cells
parenchyma specimens:
- Musa paradisiaca
- Dieffenbachia sp.
- Commelina sp.
- found in groups along the sides of the young stems or in the stalk or midrib of leaves
- unevenly thickened cell walls
- The protoplast is alive at
maturity - The cells are also somewhat elongated.
- most of them function for support and for strength of a young plant
Collenchyma cells
collenchyma specimens:
- Plectranthus scutellarioides
- Ipomea aquatica
- Ixora sp.
have very thick walls and differ from the first two types of cells because these cells die at maturity.
Sclerenchyma cells
sclerenchyma specimens:
- mongo seed coat
- Luffa fibers
- coconut husk
the thick alls of sclerenchyma cells are impregnated with?
lignin
These cells usually function for transport of water and for support. Some cells also protect the more delicate parts of the plant.
Sclerenchyma cells
nonprotoplasmic structures within the protoplasm
inclusions
vacuoles is also called
cell sap
vacuoles contain:
disssolved substances (anthocyanin) and metabolites (sugars, inorganic salts, organic acid, alkaloids)
waste product of vacuoles that enables plants to protect themselves from heavy metal accumulation in their tissues. It also helps deter plant-eating animals from consuming them.
crystals
different types of crystal formation in cells:
- raphides (needle-like)
- prismatic (prism-like/pyramid)
- rosette (aggregate/flower-like)
- crystolith (grape-like)
Crystals may be composed of:
calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate
what part of the cells becomes visible after the addition of iodine solution stain?
nucleus
function of the nucleus?
storing genetic information and acts as the control center of cellular activities
What is the cementing substance between cells called? What is the chemical composition of this substance?
middle lamella. primarily made of pectin.
What are the green round bodies that you see in Hydrilla verticillata?
chloroplasts
Is the nucleus visible among the green bodies? Why or why not?
it is present but hard to see because the cell membrane is thin and transparent and chlorophyll hides other organelles
three types of plastids
leukoplasts, chloroplasts, chromoplasts
colorless plastids
leukoplasts
How do stain facilitate the study of cells?
enhances visibility
