Module 3, Motivation Part 2 Flashcards
Social Cognitive Theory
- exercise behaviour is influenced by both personal and environmental factors, particularly self-efficacy
- social cognitive theory has produced some of the most consistent results in predicting exercise behaviour
motivated behaviour is influenced by: - self efficacy beliefs: situational self-confidence
- outcome expectation: what outcome does the person expect based on specific actions
- both positive and negative
*two of the key concepts that impact someone’s motivated behaviour
Self-Confidence vs Self-Efficacy
self-confidence: a general feeling of trust in ones’ abilities, qualities and judgement
self-efficacy: belief is one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainment
- influenced by:
◦ perceived cognitive and physical abilities
◦ perceived situational demands
Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Theory
act on other determinants of behavioural regulation:
- enhance acquiring skills (harder to acquire skill if we do not have the motivation which arises from self-efficacy)
- goals people set (cannot set goals cause you may think you cannot reach them - low self-efficacy)
- strength of commitment
- outcomes expected
- self-hindering or self-enhancing cognitions
- persistence and intensity of action
performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and physiological & affective states -> efficacy expectations -> behaviour patterns (choice, effort and persistence) and thought patterns (goal, worry and attributions
Sources of Self-Efficacy: performance accomplishment
- most dependable information; most powerful effects for both sport and exercise
- coaching tactics to elicit feelings of a successful performance
- are past behaviours that have been accomplished in the past
- have done something similar before, you can do it again type thinking
- ex. you have been able to complete a 10k and been able to train, so you will gain self-efficacy and build it knowing that you may be able to do it again or do more
Sources of Self-Efficacy: vicarious experiences
- watching someone else accomplish the skill (build self-efficacy through watching someone else accomplish it)
◦ model similarity leads to stronger impact (better if
someone is at the same skill level when watching
someone) - reduce worry, enhance confidence
- not as effective as experience
Sources of Self-Efficacy: verbal persuasion
- less powerful (if someone feels the feedback is not strong or decietful it can be less powerful and lower self-efficacy)
- deception (danger of undermining credibility and trust)
- verbal and non-verbal feedback (can be significant if they are credible and knowledgable people)
◦ ex. feedback from coaches, teammates,
spectators, trainers etc
Sources of Self-Efficacy: physiological and affective states
- mechanism less clear
- perceptions of arousal/nervousness may influence efficacy
- ex. you are running and heart rate shots up, can be treated as effort (increasing heart rate) and lead to increased self-efficacy or you can also see it as being unfit which can lead to less self-efficacy
◦ all about perceiving the physiological states
Outcomes Expectancies and Expectations (self-efficacy)
- expectations about how the effects of behaviour an influence behaviour
physical: - pleasant and unpleasant sensory experiences
- pain and physical discomfort
- how we perceive these things above is going to influence our outcome expectancies
social sanctions: - social esteem
- social approval
- social rejection
people adopt personal standards - seek self-satisfaction
- avoid negative self-reactions
Research on Social Cognitive Theory and Exercise
- SCT constructs account for 40-55% of physical activity behaviour
- self-efficacy is linked to behavioural outcomes such as exercise adherence and sport performance
- SCT variables predicted over 50% of the individual differences in PA activity behaviour in diabetics
Self-Determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory
- suggests motivation is best understood as a multidimensional concept along a continuum
- it is a spectrum of motivation states with three primary division
◦ amotivation, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic
motivation
Self-determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory: amotivation
- lack of intent to act at all, or the passive engagement in activities
stems from:
◦ lack of experience
◦ the belief that an activity in unimportant
◦ OR no contingency between their
behaviour/efforts and their desired outcomes
“I do not why I play ball anymore. No matter how hard I try or what I do, we always lose, and I never get any better”
Self-determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory: extrinsic motivation (not self-determined) -> external regulation
external regulation
- behaviours are controlled by restraints or rewards
- performing an activity to receive a reward or avoid a punishment
“I was motivated to sign up for the 20k race because they are giving away nice running shirts to every participant”
Self-determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory: extrinsic motivation -> introjected regulation
introjected regulation
- internalization in which the person “takes in” (external source) a value but does NOT accept it as their own
◦ attempting to avoid negative feelings (eg. guilt,
anxiety) or to maintain a sense or self-worth
◦ reflects: “I have to…“I ought to…”
“working out to keep an attractive physique with the goal of impressing others”
Self-determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory: extrinsic motivation -> identified regulation
identified regulation
- behaviour is valued, deemed important, and is done out of choice but is still for extrinsic reasons
◦ reflects: “I want to…” “I choose to…”
“being healthy is valued, so I exercise”
“the benefits of sport are important to me”
Self-determination Theory: Organismic Integration Theory: extrinsic motivation -> integrated regulation
integrated regulation
- activity is personally important and directed towards a valued outcomes
◦ becomes a part of one’s sense of self
“I am a soccer player, and playing hard, training everyday, and eating healthy is what a good soccer player goes”
