Module 3, Motivation Part 1 Flashcards
Defining Motivation
- internal processes such as thoughts, needs and emotions that give your behaviour energy and direction
- internal and/or external forces that produce the initiation (direction), intensity and persistence of behaviour
◦ direction: situations that an athlete/exerciser
seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to
◦ intensity: how much effort
◦ persistence: maintaining intensity over a
continuous period - the reason why you do the things you do!
The Interactionist Approach
motivation arises from the interaction of participant factors and situational/environmental factors
person factors: personality, needs, ability, interests and goals
situational factors: leader-coach style, social factors, win-loss record and rewards/punishments
Motivation Theories in Sport & Exercise
- different types of motivation theories, connected to the different types of motivation or reasons people have for pursuing activities
◦ social affiliation
◦ attachment/relationships
◦ growth and mastery (achievement)
◦ sensation-seeking
◦ self-esteem - motivation theories (have things in common but very diverse) share key elements:
◦ competence (competent to engage in a particular activity)
◦ feedback (feedback that is given to the athlete by different types of people and situations) - differences in emphasis:
◦ internal drives/need
◦ personal factors like ability/dispositions
◦ role of the environment
Motivation Theories (5)
- Transtheoretical Model
- Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Social Cognitive Behaviour
- Self-Determination
- Achievement Goal Theory
Transtheoretical Model
- individuals progress through 5 stages of change, plus relapse or stable lifestyle
- stages can vary for each person, does not have to be in the exact order
Transtheoretical Model Stages
precontemplation stage:
- does not exercise, not contemplating exercising in the next six months
- may be demoralized about ability to change, defensive about social pressures, may be uniformed about health consequences of their current behaviour
contemplation stage:
- not exercising; contemplating exercising in the next six months (for up to two years)
- warning about diagnoses, being told about the benefits
- easy to put off
preparation stage:
exercising, but not regularly enough (less than 3x/week)
- activity is not frequent enough to confer major benefits
- individuals have a plan of action and are exercising a little
action stage:
- have been exercising regularly (20 min, 3x/week, but for less than six months)
- less stable stage, high risk of relapse
maintenance stage:
- has been exercising regularly for more than six months
- high intrinsic motivation (do an activity for the pleasure of it, want to get better at the activity) for exercise
- problems may include breaks due to injury, boredom, loss of focus
relapse or stable lifestyle (once exercisers have exercised for 5 years)
- not a linear process
How do people move on from one stage to the next? (Transtheoretical model)
- self-efficacy: situations specific self-confidence, how much confidence do you have to execute and plan exercise plans
- decisional balance: advantages and disadvantages
- processes of change
◦ experiential or cognitive - strategies that might help people help change their thought pattern about exercise (raise awareness, reappraise how they feel about physical activity, how they feel by not exercising)
◦ behavioural - to behaviours to help people change (help people change their environment, putting healthy food out, help identify ways to not relapse and prevent not exercising, plan to meet a friend to exercise)
(graph)
Preventing Relapses: Transtheoretical Model
- expect and plan for lapses (eg. scheduling alternative activities while on vacation)
- develop coping strategies to deal with high-risk situations (eg. relaxation training, time management, imagery)
- identify situations that put you at risk, and attempt to avoid or plan for those settings
- do not view a temporary relapse as catastrophic since this undermines confidence and willpower (eg. if you did exercise for a week, you are not a total failure, just start again next week)
Theory of Planned Behaviour
intention - drives behaviour which will drive motivation
intention = attitudes + subjective norms + perceived behavioural control
- TPB suggests that intentions are the primary predictors of behaviour
Theory of Planned Behaviour: behavioural attitude
- positive or negative beliefs about exercising
eg. belief that physical activity will enhance health, physical appearance, social interactions
Theory of Planned Behaviour: subjective norms
subjective norm = your perception that others think exercise is positive + your motivation to comply with their opinion
subjective norms:
- perceived social pressure to exercise
- belief about other’s opinions and your motivation to follow others’ opinions
