Module 3: Modern Data Center Environment (Networking)

Question 1

What are the types of network connectivity?

Answer 1

Compute-to-Compute
Compute-to-Storage

Question 2

What is compute-to-compute connectivity?

Answer 2

uses IP based protocols - each compute system connected to network through host interface on a NIC

Question 3

What are the common networking inter-connecting devices of a compute-to-compute connection?

Answer 3

Physical Switch
Routers

Question 4

What is a physical switch?

Answer 4

enables different compute systems in network to communicate w/ each other

Question 5

What is a router?

Answer 5

an OSI Layer-3 devices that allows different networks to communicate with each other

Question 6

What is compute-to-storage connectivity?

Answer 6

storage connected directly to compute system or over a SAN - compute and storage communication enabled through physical components and interface protocols

Question 7

What are the physical components that connects compute to storage in a compute-to-storage connectivity?

Answer 7

Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
Ports
Switches
Cables

Question 8

What is an HBA?

Answer 8

device that connects compute system to storage or SAN - ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) board

Question 9

What is the function of an HBA?

Answer 9

performs IO functions between compute and storage - relieves processer from those IO workloads - compute system typically has multiple HBAs

Question 10

What is a port?

Answer 10

specialized outlet that connects compute to storage - HBA can have one or more ports to connect to

Question 11

What is a protocol?

Answer 11

set of functions based on a set of rules - standardize how devices communicate over a medium (cables, air, etc.)

Question 12

What is the OSI (Open Systems Interconnections) Reference Model?

Answer 12

logical communications protocol for standardized network communication - described in 7 layers

Question 13

What are the features of the OSI protocol layers?

Answer 13

programmed to function independently of each other
arranged in protocol stack - each layer directly interfaces with layer immediately above or below

Question 14

What is the data path of the OSI protocol layers?

Answer 14

output of each layer accepted as input to next until communication exits stack to the receiving device

communicating devices must use same protocol stack to establish and maintain connection

Question 15

What is Layer 1 of OSI?

Answer 15

Physical: physical media, signal/codes, transmission

Question 16

What is Layer 2 of OSI?

Answer 16

Data Link: physical addressing, framing flow control

Question 17

What is Layer 3 of OSI?

Answer 17

Network: logical addressing, routing

Question 18

What is Layer 4 of OSI?

Answer 18

Transport: logical end to end connections, sequencing, integrity

Question 19

What is Layer 5 of OSI?

Answer 19

Session: Application Level Connection and Coordination

Question 20

What is Layer 6 of OSI?

Answer 20

Presentation: syntactic data representation (jpg, doc, ppt)

Question 21

What is Layer 7 of OSI?

Answer 21

Application: application interface to lower functions/services

Question 22

What is the TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 22

expressed in 4 instead of 7 layers - two primary protocols are TCP (transmission control protocol) and IP (internet protocol)

Question 23

What does the TCP protocol doe in the TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 23

controls data transmission/ensures data integrity

Question 24

What does the IP protocol doe in the TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 24

handles correct routing of messages across different networks/devices

Question 25

What is Layer 1 of TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 25

Hardware: Network-Specific Frames

Question 26

What is Layer 2 of TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 26

Network Interface/Internet: IP Datagrams

Question 27

What is Layer 3 of TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 27

Transport: Transport Protocol Packets

Question 28

What is Layer 4 of TCP/IP Reference Model?

Answer 28

Application: Messages or Streams

Question 29

Where is the IP Protocol in the different Reference Models?

Answer 29

works at Network Later of OSI and Internet Layer of TCP/IP

Question 30

What is a network router?

Answer 30

devices that uses IP addresses to make connection between end devices across different networks

Question 31

What is IP (internet protocol)?

Answer 31

addressing scheme that enables end devices to connect across the same network

Question 32

How do IP addresses work?

Answer 32

segmented into different sections that specify network address and host address on the network

Question 33

What does IPv4 do?

Answer 33

uses periods to separate host and network address

Question 34

What is a subnet mask?

Answer 34

specifies which section of the IP address contains the network address or host address

Question 35

How is the IP address read?

Answer 35

segmented scheme is parsed by the router which establishes path between devices on different networks

Question 36

What is an IPv6 Address?

Answer 36

set of numbers divided by colons instead of periods - much longer than IPv4 - 128 bit notation

Question 37

Why was IPv6 developed?

Answer 37

to handle increasing number of network devices in IoT world

Question 38

IPv4 vs IPv6?

Answer 38

IPv4 is used for local LAN connectivity
IPv6 is for devices that connect over the Internet

Question 39

What is network virtualization?

Answer 39

creates logical virtual networks that are decoupled from network hardware