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KINE2011: Human Physiology > Module 3: Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Module 3: Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the adrenal gland composed of?

A

two areas
- inner adrenal medulla
- a surrounding adrenal cortex

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2
Q

what does the inner adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

what does the surrounding adrenal cortex secrete?

A

steroid hormones

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4
Q

the adrenal glands are modified sympathetic ganglion whose cell bodies _________________________ –> ______________________.

A

do not have axons –> they release their secretions into the blood

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5
Q

instead of the adrenal gland having a post-ganglionic neuron, what does it have/do instead?

A

from the pre-ganglionic neuron it goes straight into the adrenal gland like acts like the postganglionic neuron

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6
Q

is the adrenal gland an adrenergic fibre?

A

yes, but it also secretes epinephrine

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7
Q

how much of the adrenal medullas secretion is epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A
  • 80% epinephrine
  • 20% norepinephrine
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8
Q

why does the adrenal medulla only secrete 20% norepinephrine?

A

because it contains high amounts of phenyl-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

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9
Q

what does phenyl-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) do?

A

converts norepinephrine into epinephrine

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10
Q

which one has a more wide ranging effects within the body, epinephrine or norepinephrine?

A

epinephrine
- this is why the adrenal gland should release more of it because it can act more generally rather than locally

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11
Q

are acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters?

A

yes

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12
Q

its not only the neurotransmitter that determines how the tissue is going to respond, its also depends on the?

A

receptor that, that neurotransmitter is binding to

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13
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic receptors(Ach)?

A
  1. nicotinic (ionotropic receptor) - ligand gated ion channel
  2. muscarinic (metabotropic receptor) - act through a secondary messenger
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14
Q

where is the nicotinic receptor found?

A

on the postganglionic cell bodies on all autonomic ganglia (because acetylcholine is released at that synapse between the pre and post ganglionic neurons)

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15
Q

what happens when acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor?

A

its just an ionotropic receptor
- just an ion channel that opens to allow sodium ions into the cell creating the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- depolarizing event

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16
Q

what is responsible for generating an action potential in the postganglionic neuron?

A

the nicotinic receptor

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17
Q

what are the receptors on your end effector organs?

A

the muscarinic cholinergic receptors

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18
Q

which system utilizes acetylcholine?

A

parasympathetic in the post ganglion neurons

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19
Q

depending on the receptor subtype that the tissue is expressing, it will change how ______________________.

A

that neurotransmitter effects it
- can have either an excitatory effect or an inhibitory effect

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20
Q

stimulation of Beta1 usually leads to?

A

an excitatory effect (eg. heart stimulation)

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21
Q

stimulation of Beta2 usually leads to?

A

an inhibitory effect (eg. salbutamol for asthma: smooth muscle cells relax causing bronchodilation without affecting heart rate)

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22
Q

what are G-proteins?

A

second messengers for metabotropic receptors
- (i could be wrong about this)

23
Q

what G-protein is for beta receptors?

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

24
Q

what G-protein is for alpha receptors?

A

calcium ions

25
Q

what are cetacholamine receptors?

A

A catecholamine receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to and responds to neurotransmitters that include, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

26
Q

what happens when there is a binding of an agonist to a receptor?

A

activates the receptor similar to the neurotransmitter’s actions
- essentially binds to that receptor and acting like the neurotransmitter - it activates that receptor

27
Q

what happens when there is a binding of an antagonist to a receptor?

A
  • blocks the neurotransmitters response
28
Q

where are your nicotinic receptors?

A

the connection point between the pre and post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

29
Q

what is the system that we have voluntary and conscious control over?

A

the somatic nervous system

30
Q

what is the system that innervates our skeletal muscles?

A

the somatic nervous system

31
Q

does the somatic nervous system utilize two neurons?

A

no, only one that travels from the central nervous system towards the actual skeletal muscle fiber itself

32
Q

what is the only way you can control your skeletal muscle?

A

through the motor axon

33
Q

the cell bodies of the motor neurons are located?

A

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord or brain stem for the head muscles

34
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that is released at the output of the motor neuron?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

35
Q

why are motor neurons considered the “final common pathway”?

A

any time your muscle is activated, it is because your motor neuron was activated
- all the output from your CNS towards your muscle fibers has to come through that motor neuron

36
Q

can the cell body of the motor neuron receive BOTH inhibitory and excitatory input?

A

yes

37
Q

what determines the level of activity of the motor neuron and its output to skeletal muscle fibres?

A

the relative balance of EPSP and IPSP

38
Q

is there involuntary input to the somatic nervous system?

A

yes
- like breathing because if we think about it, we are controlling it. but if we do not think about it, we still do it

39
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the link between each axon terminal of a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibres
- link of nerve to muscle

40
Q

when the axon becomes enlarged in the neuromuscular junction, what is it called?

A

terminal button
- its just the axon terminal - bulbous swelling at the end of the axon terminal that holds all of your synaptic vesicles with that neurotransmitter

41
Q

when the neuromuscular junction comes in contact with a specialized portion of the skeletal muscle fibre what is it called?

A

the motor end plate

42
Q

what neurotransmitter is released from the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

what is on the motor end plate?

A

a whole bunch of ion channels that acetylcholine will bind to

44
Q

when sodium enters the muscle fiber, a graded potential/EPSP is generated. however, because it is in the muscle, what is it called?

A

end plate potential (EPP)

45
Q

what is the type of receptors that Ach is going to bind to on the motor end plate?

A

a nicotinic receptor
- a cholinergic receptor that is an ion channel that opens in response to acetylcholine binding to it

46
Q

where on the muscle fiber does the motor neuron innervate it at the neuromuscular junction?

A

the motor neuron tends to innervate it in about the middle of the muscle fiber

47
Q

because the motor neuron innervates the muscle fiber in the middle of the fiber, what happens when it generates the action potential?

A

the axon potential will spread in both directions along the fiber, away from the neuromuscular junction

48
Q

one end plate potential, will always generated an?

A

action potential in the muscle fiber itself
- unlike a synapse which needs many inputs on the postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential

49
Q

if a motor neuron generates an action potential, it will generate _______________________________________________________.

A

an action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber

50
Q

is the action potential of a neuromuscular junction always excitatory?

A

yes
- input zone can receive inhibitory or excitatory, BUT the output zone, when it actually fires the action potential, will always be excitatory at the level of the muscle fiber

51
Q

what does the venom from a black widow spider result in?

A

all of your synaptic vesicles to suddenly being released at once

52
Q

what does botilium toxin do?

A

its botox
- blocks the release of ACh from the terminal button

53
Q

what does curare do?

A

block ACh receptors on the motor end plate (antagonist)
- respiratory paralysis = inability to contract muscles

54
Q

what does sarin do?

A
  • inhibits the acetylcholinesterase (degrades the acetylcholine to reset to synaptic cleft)
  • this blocks/prevents further depolarization of the cell from subsequent action potentials

KINE2011: Human Physiology (29 decks)

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