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KINE2011: Human Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most numerous cells we have in our body?

A

red blood cells

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2
Q
  • RBCs survive an average of how many days?
A

120 days

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3
Q

how long do nerve and muscle cells last?

A

a persons entire life

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4
Q

how do RBCs make ATP?

A

glycolysis only because they have no mitochondria to produce it any other way

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5
Q

why can an RBC not maintain itself properly?

A

because it does not have organelles or a nucleus
- they cannot regenerate

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6
Q

if all cells need to have a nucleus in order to be a cell, how is RBCs a cell?

A

it HAD a nucleus and then lost it to make room for hemoglobin

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7
Q

where is bone marrow and what is it filled with?

A

within the bones and it is filled with these special cells that we call pluripotent stem cells

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8
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells?

A

stem cells that have the ability to become a plurality or a bunch of different cell types

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9
Q

all cells (including platelets) in the blood can originate from where?

A

the pluripotent stem cell

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10
Q

every second, how many erythrocytes are made?

A

2 to 3 million

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11
Q

what is the stages of turning a pluripotent stem cell into an erythrocyte?

A

pluripotent stem cell –> myeloid stem cell –> erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

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12
Q

when all the blood cells are being made (not just RBCs), they all start with the same two stages. which are these?

A

pluripotent stem cell and then myeloid stem cell

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13
Q

when a blood cell has decided it is going to be an RBC, what stage does it move into after myeloid stem cell?

A

erythroblast (again, ONLY IF IT IS AN RBC)

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14
Q

what is the last stage in the red blood cell development that contains the nucleus and organelles?

A

erythroblast.
- not a lot of hemoglobin
- determined to being an RBC

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15
Q

what happens in the reticulocyte stage of RBC formation?

A

nucleus and organelles start disappearing and hemoglobin starts to form
- immature precursor of the erythrocyte
- still has remnants of organelles mostly some mitochondria and some ER and ribosomes to continue to produce the hemoglobin

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16
Q

where does formation of RBCs happen? why?

A

in the bone marrow. because you should not be seeing the other cell types in the blood (like erythroblast)

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17
Q

at a given time, how many RBC are travelling in our vessels?

A

25-30 trillion

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18
Q

why cannot RBCs maintain themselves properly?

A

because they have no organelles.
- cant replace proteins or lipids

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19
Q

why is RBCs life span so short? (120 days on average)

A

because they cannot maintain themselves

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20
Q

where does the RBCs get all their lipid, protein and hemoglobin and the iron from?

A

recycled from old RBCs

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21
Q

how are RBCs recycled?

A

they are sent to the spleen to be eaten (phagocytes; macrophages) as a whole cell in order to make space and recycle their content
- all lipids and proteins are degraded into simple components sent into the system to be made into new cells

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22
Q

what is the last stage of RBC production that has the nucleus?
***** study!

A

erythroblast

23
Q

what is Erythropoiesis?

A

RBCs cannot divide so new cells are produced to replenish dying ones
* pluripotent stem cell –> myeloid stem cell –> erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

24
Q

where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

in red bone marrow

25
Q

how does RBC production detect a shortage of the average RBC count and know to speed up?

A

oxygen levels drop and because oxygen is delivered to kidneys, the kidneys sense then and secrete the hormone erythropoietin into the blood which stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow. then, the increase of O2 relieves the stimulus of erythropoietin secretion when it goes back to the kidney

26
Q

what is the hormone that kidneys make called?

A

erythropoietin
- made from erythrocytes generation

27
Q

what is the site of generation of RBC?

A

bone marrow

28
Q

what is the generation of new erythrocytes called?

A

erythropoiesis

29
Q

where is erythropoietin made?

A

the kidney

30
Q

the RBC count of people who live on mountains is higher than those who live on coastal level. why?

A

because there is less oxygen up there so if there is more RBCs then it is easier to collect oxygen (bind oxygen)

31
Q

what does blood types depend on?

A

surface antigens on erythrocytes

32
Q

what is antigens?

A

large, COMPLEX molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry to the body
- components of other cells of molecules that are apart of cells themselves

33
Q

what is antigenicity?

A

the spectrum of abilities to induce an immune response
- some produce little to no antibodies
- some produce many antibodies

34
Q

what do lymphocytes do when they recognize antigens?

A

produce antibodies against them

35
Q

what is an antibody?

A
  • produced by B-cells
  • their job is to go bind to an antigen and then neutralize it
  • leads to the antigens destruction by various means
36
Q

do antibodies bind specific to antigens?

A

yes
- some antigens are so strong they cause you to make many antibodies and some are so weak that they make no antibodies

37
Q

what antigen is on the RBCs and the ANTIBODY on the plasma if you have blood type A?

A

A on RBCs and Anti-B IN plasma
- vice versa for blood type B

38
Q

what antigen is on the RBCs and the ANTIBODY on the plasma if you have blood type AB?

A

A and B on RBCs and no anti-bodies IN plasma

39
Q

what antigen is on the RBCs and the ANTIBODY on the plasma if you have blood type O?

A

no antigens on RBCs and both Anti-A and Anti-B IN plasma

40
Q

what is naturally occurring antibodies?

A

against foreign RBC antigens appear in human plasma after 6 months of age
- the food we eat would have exposed us to antigen A and antigen B

41
Q

how many antigens can one antibody bind to?

A

two, because an antibody has a Y shape with two binding receptors
- this leads to a cross-linking of multiple RBCs

42
Q

what happens when someone is given the wrong blood type?

A

the antibodies bind to the antigens. the red blood cells usually rupture OR clumping will block blood flow in capillaries
- rupturing causes the hemoglobin to precipitate in kidney, interfering with kidney function
- blocking of blood flow causes oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues being reduced

43
Q

when Anti-A antibodies bind to antigen A, this blocks blood flow. How?

A

because the antibodies can bind to two antigens which cannot fit through the capillaries
- one RBC can barely fit- it needs to be flexible

44
Q
A
45
Q

what is the Rhesus (Rh) blood group?

A
  • the + and - of the blood type
  • CDE system: 50 blood-group antigens with 5 primary antigen groups (D, C, E, c, e) –> FISHER-RACE SYSTEM
  • most is weakly immunogenic; not going to be a problem (won’t trigger a strong immune reaction) (excluding the D antigen)
46
Q

which antigen is commonly found in the population and is the most abundant and most antigenic (most important)?

A

D antigen (only present if positive blood type)

47
Q

what is universal blood donors?

A

O because they have no antigens

48
Q

is A and B very strongly immunogenic?

A

yes

49
Q

are there naturally occurring antibodies for the D antigen?

A

no

50
Q

when is the only time D antibodies are produced?

A

only by Rh-negative people if exposed to Rh-positive blood like through a transfusion or placental exposure during pregnancy

51
Q

what are the older terms that refer to the D antigen?

A
  • Rh factor
  • Rh+
  • Rh-
52
Q

people who have the Rh factor have what type of blood with respect to antigen D?

A

Rh-Positive blood (D)

53
Q

what is the universal acceptor?

A

AB - not always though because there are other blood types in the plasma

54
Q

if someone has a C antigen, can they have a c antigen? (applies to every other letter in the Fisher-Race/CDE system as well)

A

no

KINE2011: Human Physiology (29 decks)

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