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KINE2011: Human Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. humoral immune responses (or antibody-mediated) (where antibodies do their job)
  2. cell-mediated immunity
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2
Q

what do humoral mean?

A

in secretion

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3
Q

which class of adaptive immunity involves the productive of antibodies in the lymph nodes by B lymphocyte derivatives known as plasma cells?

A

antibody-mediated / humoral immunity

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4
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • adaptive immunity
  • involves production of activated T lymphocytes that directly attack unwanted cells
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5
Q

what are antigens?

A
  • large, foreign, unique complex molecule
  • induces (elicits) an immune response against itself
  • in general, the more complex a molecule is, the greater its antigenicity
  • mostly protein in nature
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6
Q

what is antigenicity?

A

the ability to induce immune responses

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7
Q

in an antigen, the more protein and the more complex…..?

A

the more antigenicity

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8
Q

can complex carbohydrates and complex lipids be an antigen?

A

yes

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9
Q

why did we create the lymphatic system?

A

we needed a place where all the different lymphocytes go to check whether we have an infection or not

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10
Q

lymphocytes are specific to what?

A

recognizing different antigens/pathogens

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11
Q

how many B cells and T cells in our body?

A

hundreds of billions

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12
Q

each B cell and T cell have different?

A

antigen receptor that sees a different antigen
- this gives them high specificity

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13
Q

do all macrophages have different antigen receptors?

A

no, they have the same. they are very low specificity

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14
Q
  • what is clonal selection/expansion?
A

in adaptive immunity, all the B cells and T cells are different from eachother. so when a pathogen is brought to the lymphatic system, all the T and B cells check if its a match. when it is, THEN the B and T cells clone into many.

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15
Q

why do we not have many of each T and B cell?

A

there are too many of each different kind. there would not be enough space. cloning happens where there is an invading pathogen

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16
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

B and T cells form this
- the cells you were making to fight the pathogen and make those antibodies, they will set them aside as memory cells

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17
Q
  • which immunity is immunological memory?
A

acquired or protective immunity

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18
Q

what do B lymphocytes do for adaptive immunity?

A

secrete antibodies
- B cell activation proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific B cells that turn into plasma cells and then start making antibodies on site so that they can travel via the blood to the site of the infection

19
Q

what do the antibodies made from the B cells in adaptive immunity do once they reach the infection site?

A
  • antibody binds the antigen and activate the complement system
20
Q

what is opsonization?

A

enhancing the phagocytic ability of phagocytes

21
Q

how does coating a pathogen with complement or antibodies enhance phagocytosis?

A
  • by receptor mediated endocytosis
  • phagocytes have receptors for complement protein and have receptors for antibodies. they recognize part of the antibody and then they phagocytosis whatever that antibody is binding to
22
Q

what are the three ways that antibodies do their job?

A
  • binding antigens
  • activate complement system
  • neutralization
23
Q
  • what is neutralization?
A
  • binding and neutralizing bacterial toxins. Inhibiting bacterial access to host cells. Inhibiting viral entry into host cells
  • enhancing phagocytosis of pathogens (opsonization)
24
Q

what letter does an antibody look like?

A

Y

25
Q

how many chains on an antibody?

A

four. two heavy chains (more medial) and two light chains

26
Q

on an antibody, where does an antigen bind to?

A

the ends of the ‘Y’
- essentially, the edges of the end of the heavy and light chains
- called the FAB - fragment antigen binding

27
Q

the part of the antibody that is NOT the FAB, is called?

A

the FC portion
- doesnt bind the antigen
- fragment crystalline?? crystalline fs but idk what the F stands for

28
Q

what is the function of the FC portion of an antibody?

A

opsonization - enhances phagocytosis
- also allows antibodies to activate complement

29
Q

what does the functionality of the antibody depend on?

A

the FC region
- determines AFTER antigen is binded

30
Q

the specificity of the antibody depends on?

A

the FAB region
- does this first

31
Q

what does a T cell receptor look like?

A

two chains that cross right before the antigen-binding site

32
Q

can a T cell recognize an antigen on its own?

A

no, we rely on other immune cells (dendritic cells) to take the antigen, chop it up into small pieces and present it on the surface using their own proteins. this happens in the lymph nodes

33
Q

when are T cells activated for foreign attack?

A

when the attack is on the surface of a cell that carrier foreign antigens presented on self-antigens (professional APC)

34
Q

what is the job of the MHC protein?

A

to be combined with a foreign peptide and present it on the surface of a cell

35
Q

the T-cell receptor does not only recognize the peptide but also recognizes the?

A

protein presenting on it

36
Q

what is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?

A

peptide fragments (antigen) bound to self proteins that are displayed on the surface of the APCs

37
Q

what are the two types of T cells?

A
  1. Helper T Cells (Th)
  2. Killer T Cells
38
Q

what is a protein on the surface of the helper T cells that allows us to recognize them? (the killer T-cell will not have this)

A

the CD4

39
Q

initial activation of a T cell starts at the dendritic cell and then goes where? and then? and then?

A

dendritic cell –> MHC protein –> foreign peptide –> TCR –> T-cell

40
Q

what cell is really good at killing parasites?

A

eosinophils
- must be coated by special antibodies to activate eosinophils

41
Q

what do helper T cells (Th) do?

A

modulate activities of other immune cells and secrete chemicals that amplify the activity of other immune cells

42
Q

what are the names of killer T cells?

A
  • CD8 (the marker that helps us recognize it is a killer T)
  • cytotoxic (CTL)
  • Tc
  • killer T cells
43
Q

what does the killer T-cell do?

A
  • destroy host cells harboring anything foreign (viral infected cell; cancer cell)
  • bind to the viral antigen and self-antigen on the surface of the infected cell
  • may kill cell directly or through enzymes that cause the cell to self-destruct (apoptosis)

KINE2011: Human Physiology (29 decks)

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