Module 1 - Lecture 1 Flashcards
What do all cells differ in?
Functions, structures, shapes
What is the cell theory by Theodor Schwann?
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes
What does the functional activities of each cell depend on?
The specific structural properties of the cell (shape and composition)
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
What is the living building blocks of all plants and animal organisms
Cells
What do all cells need to do?
All need to multiply, carry out respiration and make proteins. They all need common characteristics.
About how many cell types are there?
200 cell types
What does a cell need in order to make a protein?
A blueprint, codes which are in DNA, which is in the nucleus
What common features do cells share?
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Nucleus
What is the main function of the plasma membrane?
Separate the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell.
- enclosing the contents of the cell
- Its a barrier (separated the cells contents from its surroundings)
What allows things to come in and out of the plasma membrane?
Proteins
What is the plasma membrane mostly composed of?
Lipid (fat) molecules (bilayer)
What is the plasma membrane mostly composed of?
Lipid (fat) molecules (bilayer)
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
A double-layered membrane
What is the blueprint to make protein?
DNA
What happens if you want to make protein?
you want to copy DNA, transcribe it into mRNA, then eaves nucleus and goes to cytosol and translated into a protein
if a cell is dividing, does each cell need to split the DNA into two?
we copy and then we split
where does protein synthesis happen?
in the endoplasmic reticulum
what does the fold of a membrane do for the cell?
to compress and increase surface area to make proteins
what cell needs to make many proteins, all the time?
cells that make insulin, or a hormone? or immune cells
what protein that is made all the time when we have an infection?
antibodies
where do we make our lipids?
smooth ER
where are proteins synthesized?
rough ER
where does translation from mRNA to protein happens? (protein synthesis)
the ribosomes
a protein cant do anything until when?
until it goes into the ER where it goes through the folding process
proteins are put into transport vesicles when leaving the ER, are they put into specific groups?
no they are randomly chosen when put into vesicles.
what is the golgi apparatuses job?
modifies, packages and distributes newly synthesized proteins. (sorts them and directs the transportation)
what is a hydrolytic enzyme?
fuses water and breaks down a complex molecule.
- takes proteins that are no longer needed and degrades into simple molecules
what is the lysosomes job?
digestive system of the cell.
where proteins go to be broken down and destroys foreign substances like pathogens
does peroxisomes contain enzymes?
yes, oxidative enzymes. (means they use oxygen to degrade or transform a molecule)
what does a peroxisome do?
detoxify various wastes produced within the cell or foreign toxic compounds that have entered the cell
are centrioles membrane enclosed?
no
what comes out of centrioles?
microtubules
how is a spindle allowed to form during cell division?
due to microtubules. this is so you can move chromosomes
how can a cell move?
because of cilia and flagella that microtubules form
what is cristae?
infoldings of the inner membrane in the mitochondria
what can we not do without the mitochondria?
energy and ATP
cristae have an inner cavity filled with what?
gel-like solution called matrix
what happens to old or damaged mitochondria?
they are degraded to make new mitochondria
the folding of the innermembrane of the mitochondria makes the cristae. it increases surface area. why is this efficient?
it allows for the exchange of ions and build the potential to be able to generate ATP
what is the intermembrane space?
space between the outer and inner membrane
what does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
does the mitochondria contain enzymes for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain?
yes
