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KINE2011: Human Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where is blood drawn from?

A

a vein

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2
Q

what colour is blood?

A

dark red

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3
Q

blood represents what percent of total body weight?

A

8%

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4
Q

when blood is put into a centrifuge (or let sit for a few days), it separates. what does it separate into?

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% formed elements
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5
Q

are platelets cells?

A

no, they are fragments of cells

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5
Q

which part of separated blood is heavier?

A

formed elements (not plasma) because it sinks when it is sat out

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6
Q

what are the components of plasma?

A
  • 90% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 3% other (ions, hormones)
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7
Q

the 45% formed elements component of blood is composed of what?

A
  • more than 99% red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • less than 1% white blood cells (immune cells) and platelets
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8
Q

what is the total volume of blood in women and men?

A

women is 5L
men is 5.5L

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9
Q

in the formed elements of the blood component, where are the white blood cells?

A

they are between the plasma and the red blood cells, forming a white coating between them. apart of the white coating is also platelets

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10
Q

what is the main function of Erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A

O2 transport

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11
Q

what is the main function of Leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A

immune systems mobile defense unit

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12
Q

what is the main function of platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

cell fragments(not cells, cells are fragmented to become platelets); important in hemostasis(maintains blood volume)
- help with formation of blood

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13
Q

what are the physiological roles of blood?

A
  1. carrying: (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, heat…)
  2. regulation: (body temperature, pH…)
  3. protection: (clotting, immunoglobulins….) (protects from disease)
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14
Q

the plasma (component of the blood) has what function?

A

carries things as long as they are water soluble

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15
Q

what is the function of electrolytes(ions like sodium, potassium and NaCl) in the blood?

A

maintaining fluid volume between ECF and ICF

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16
Q

what are the most abundant electrolytes in blood?

A

sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
- makes sense because NaCl is in IV injections

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17
Q

what is the function of nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones in the blood?

A

are transported in blood; blood CO2 plays a role in acid-base balance

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18
Q

what is the function of plasma proteins in the blood? (7% of the plasma)

A
  • exert an osmotic effect important in the distribution of the ECF between the vascular and interstitial compartments; buffer pH changes
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19
Q

what are the three main groups of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins: - alpha and beta, gamma
  3. Fibrinogen
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20
Q

what subtype of plasma proteins is most abundant, making up half of the proteins in the plasma?

A

Albumins

21
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen

22
Q

what is the function of Albumins and some of the Globulins (alpha and beta) in the plasma of the blood?

A

carry non-water soluble molecules
HOWEVER:
- alpha and beta are specific for the type of molecules they transport
- albumins are NOT specific

23
Q

what are complement proteins?

A

immune proteins (not made of immune cells but they are apart of our immune function)
- also part of the alpha and beta globulins

24
Q

what is the Gamma Globulins function?

A

are antibodies

25
Q

what is the plasma protein fibrinogens function?

A

preventing the blood for continuing to ooze out if there is a cut
- inactive precursor for a clot’s fibrin meshwork (meshwork acts as the plug to stop blood oozing out)

26
Q

what do all the plasma proteins work together to do as a function?

A
  • dispersed as a colloid
  • because of size. do not diffuse through capillary wall –> osmotic pressure
  • partially responsible for plasma’s capacity to buffer changes in pH
  • form a colloidal osmotic pressure because they are dispersed as a colloid
27
Q

what is a colloid?

A

kind of looks like the white part of an egg
- forces water from the interstitial fluid back into the blood which will be opposed by the hydrostatic pressure because there’s more pressure, more fluid, more volume in the blood than the interstitial fluid and that will create the balance
- create osmotic pressure so only things we want to go through (not water) will go through

28
Q

where does exchange in the blood happen?

A

the capillary bed

29
Q

what lines the capilarries?

A

endothelial cells

30
Q

how are all plasma proteins synthesized?

A

in the liver.
- EXCEPT for gamma globulins. those are made by lymphocytes (immune cells)

31
Q

what does an erythrocyte look like?

A
  • its a red blood cell
  • donut with no hole
  • indented middle
32
Q

what does the indent in the RBC do?

A

increase surface area to increase the rate of transport (oxygen transportation)

33
Q

about how many RBC per 1ml of blood?

A

5 million
(5x10^6/mm3)
- average

34
Q

the shape and content of RBC is ideally suited to?

A
  • transport oxygen
  • hydrogen and CO2 at a lesser extent
35
Q

why do RBCs need to be flexible?

A

they need to have great flexibility because they are 8um in diameter and capillaries are 3um in diameter

36
Q

what binds to oxygen?

A

hemoglobin
- more specifically, the iron in the heme group

37
Q

where is hemoglobin?

A

only found in RBCS

38
Q

is hemoglobin a protein?

A

no. it is half protein half non-protein heme group

39
Q

what is in the center of the heme group?

A

Iron

40
Q

what pigment is iron when oxygenated vs deoxygenated?

A
  • red when oxygenated
  • blue when deoxygenated
41
Q

what is the proten part of hemoglobin?

A

the 4 polypeptide chains (all form ONE hemoglobin) (GLOBIN portion)

42
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 highly folded polypeptide chains with an iron-containing heme group in each chain
- (two alpha subunits and two beta subunits)

43
Q

how many oxygen molecules does one heme group bind?

A

one oxygen molecule
- 4 oxygen per hemoglobin

44
Q

what is the primary role of hemoglobin?

A

to carry O2
- each Hb molecule can transport 4 O2 molecules

45
Q

how much of O2 is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

98.5%

46
Q

a single RBC is stuffed with more than how many hemoglobin molecules? what does this mean?

A

250 million Hb molecules, meaning it can carry more than a billion O2 molecules per RBC

47
Q

what does hemoglobin also bind with?

A

CO2, H+, NO2, CO(binds irreversibly and better than O2)
- because CO binding is irreversible, thats how we die because then hemoglobin can no longer bind to oxygen

48
Q

what does a mature erythrocyte contain?

A
  • no nucleus, no organelles, no ribosomes.
  • just a lot of Hb; 250 million of them
  • also glycolytic enzymes
  • also contain carbonic anhydrase
49
Q

what are glycolytic enzymes in erythrocytes for?

A

necessary for generating energy needed to fuel active transport mechanisms involved in maintaining proper ionic concentrations within cell
- rely on entirely glycolysis for ATP formation (no mitochondria)

50
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase?

** (STUDY)

A
  • critical in CO2 transport
  • catalyzes reaction that ultimately leads to conversion of metabolically produced CO2 with water into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions
  • PRIMARY form in which CO2 is transported in blood (in addition to being bound to Hb)

KINE2011: Human Physiology (29 decks)

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