Module 3: Human Behavior in Groups: Theories and Dynamics

Question 1

is a theoretical orientation that conceptualizes the social environment in terms of behavior, its preceding events, and its subsequent consequences.

Answer 1

Learning theory

Question 2

Enumerate the three primary means of affecting people’s behavior within groups.

Answer 2

(1) respondent conditioning
(2) modelling
(3) operant conditioning

Question 3

refers to the elicitation of behavior in response to a specific stimulus.

Answer 3

Respondent conditioning

Question 4

the learning behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior.

Answer 4

Modelling

Question 5

a type of learning in which behaviors are altered primarily by regulating the consequences which follow them.

Answer 5

Operant conditioning

Question 6

is the positive event or consequences that follow a behavior and act to strengthen or increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 6

Positive reinforcement

Question 7

is the removal of a negative event or consequence that serves to increase the frequency of a particular behavior.

Answer 7

Negative reinforcement

Question 8

combines components of learning theory and cognitive theory.

Answer 8

Cognitive-behavioral theory

Question 9

(also known as behavioral therapy) involves the practical application of learning theory principles to changing behavior.

Answer 9

Behavioral theory

Question 10

emphasizes people’s ability to make rational decisions and alter their behavior.

Answer 10

Cognitive theory

Question 11

Enumerate Four basic assumptions involved in cognitive-behavioral theory

Answer 11

(1) relatively optimistic
(2) dry sponges
(3) act of thinking (cognition)
(4) “the three subsystems” - emotion, cognition, behavior

Question 12

it asserts that people are capable of making positive changes if obstacles in the environment don’t prevent them from doing so.

Answer 12

Relatively optimistic

Question 13

people are not considered____ that automatically soak up any bit of information and knowledge with which they come into contact.

Answer 13

Dry sponges

Question 14

mediates or affects people’s behavior.

Answer 14

act of thinking (cognition)

Question 15

provide feedback to each other, all may contribute to a given outcome or state, and change in one may lead to change in the others.

Answer 15

“the three subsystems” - emotion, cognition, behavior

Question 16

a set of related elements that are orderly and interrelated and a functional whole.

Answer 16

System

Question 17

are subordinate or secondary systems within the group system.

Answer 17

Subsystem

Question 18

strive to maintain a state of homeostasis, the tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable, constant state of balance.

Answer 18

Group systems

Question 19

Enumerate Four Primary objectives of Groups

Answer 19

(1) seek integration
(2) pursue pattern maintenance
(3) strive for goal attainment
(4) seek adaptation

Question 20

Homan’s Four Concepts of Group functioning

Answer 20

(1) Activities
(2) Interactions
(3) Sentiments
(4) Norms

Question 21

are the happenings and actions conducted in a group

Answer 21

Activities

Question 22

are the reciprocal behaviors and communications engaged in by group members

Answer 22

Interactions

Question 23

are the emotional feelings and reactions manifested by group members.

Answer 23

Sentiments

Question 24

are the expectations held by group members regarding how they should behave in the group.

Answer 24

Norms

Question 25

“process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations”.

Answer 25

Empowerment

Question 26

involves the idea that in a perfect world, all citizens would have identical “rights, protection, opportunities, obligations, and social benefits”

Answer 26

Social Justice

Question 27

is the process of enhancing people’s awareness of themselves, of others, or of issues in the social environment.

Answer 27

Consciousness Raising

Question 28

stresses how group members can help and empower each other through mutual aid, the act of providing support, feedback, and information within a group context.

Answer 28

Mutual Aid Empowerment

Question 29

Potential power discrepancies exist within any group

Answer 29

Power

Question 30

Enumerate the Five styles of communication in groups

Answer 30

(1) Maypole demonstrates
(2) Round Robin
(3) Hot Seat
(4) Agenda-Controlled

Question 31

a communication pattern where the leader remains at the center of the group

Answer 31

Maypole demonstrates

Question 32

where the leader maintains control but each group member takes turn speaking.

Answer 32

Round Robin

Question 33

involves the leader maintaining control by directing all attention to one group member.

Answer 33

Hot Seat

Question 34

where the leader maintains strict order by using Robert’s Rules of order or some other structured form of running a meeting.

Answer 34

Agenda-Controlled

Question 35

involve “the liberation of women and girls from discrimination based on gender”

Answer 35

Feminist theories

Question 36

generally refers to “control by men of a disproportionately large share of the power”

Answer 36

Patriarchy

Question 37

empowerment involves women coming together concerning a common cause and promoting “human liberation”.

Answer 37

Empowerment Feminist empowerment

Question 38

is “reconceptualized as limitless” and conceived of as being collectively shared.

Answer 38

Power

Question 39

stresses male dominance focuses on the significance of end results and goal achievement.

Answer 39

traditional patriarchal perspective

Question 40

“Diversity is Strength” Feminist theories stress unity and harmony, on the on hand, and appreciation of diverse characteristics on the other.

Answer 40

Unity in Diversity

Question 41

Enumerate the Different types of behaviors

Answer 41

(1) Innate or inherited behavior
(2) Behavior acquired or learned
(3) Observable/manifest behavior
(4) Latent/concealed behavior
(5) Voluntary behavior
(6) Involuntary/reflex behaviors
(7) Adaptive behavior
(8) Maladaptive Behaviors
(9) Appetitive behaviors
(10) Complementary behavior
(11) Passive behavior
(12) Aggressive behavior
(13) Assertive behavior
(14) Conditional behavior/respondent
(15) Unconditioned behavior
(16) Operant conduct