Module 3: Human Behavior in Groups: Theories and Dynamics Flashcards
is a theoretical orientation that conceptualizes the social environment in terms of behavior, its preceding events, and its subsequent consequences.
Learning theory
Enumerate the three primary means of affecting people’s behavior within groups.
(1) respondent conditioning
(2) modelling
(3) operant conditioning
refers to the elicitation of behavior in response to a specific stimulus.
Respondent conditioning
the learning behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior.
Modelling
a type of learning in which behaviors are altered primarily by regulating the consequences which follow them.
Operant conditioning
is the positive event or consequences that follow a behavior and act to strengthen or increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Positive reinforcement
is the removal of a negative event or consequence that serves to increase the frequency of a particular behavior.
Negative reinforcement
combines components of learning theory and cognitive theory.
Cognitive-behavioral theory
(also known as behavioral therapy) involves the practical application of learning theory principles to changing behavior.
Behavioral theory
emphasizes people’s ability to make rational decisions and alter their behavior.
Cognitive theory
Enumerate Four basic assumptions involved in cognitive-behavioral theory
(1) relatively optimistic
(2) dry sponges
(3) act of thinking (cognition)
(4) “the three subsystems” - emotion, cognition, behavior
it asserts that people are capable of making positive changes if obstacles in the environment don’t prevent them from doing so.
Relatively optimistic
people are not considered____ that automatically soak up any bit of information and knowledge with which they come into contact.
Dry sponges
mediates or affects people’s behavior.
act of thinking (cognition)
provide feedback to each other, all may contribute to a given outcome or state, and change in one may lead to change in the others.
“the three subsystems” - emotion, cognition, behavior
a set of related elements that are orderly and interrelated and a functional whole.
System
are subordinate or secondary systems within the group system.
Subsystem
strive to maintain a state of homeostasis, the tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable, constant state of balance.
Group systems
Enumerate Four Primary objectives of Groups
(1) seek integration
(2) pursue pattern maintenance
(3) strive for goal attainment
(4) seek adaptation
Homan’s Four Concepts of Group functioning
(1) Activities
(2) Interactions
(3) Sentiments
(4) Norms
are the happenings and actions conducted in a group
Activities
are the reciprocal behaviors and communications engaged in by group members
Interactions
are the emotional feelings and reactions manifested by group members.
Sentiments
are the expectations held by group members regarding how they should behave in the group.
Norms
“process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations”.
Empowerment
involves the idea that in a perfect world, all citizens would have identical “rights, protection, opportunities, obligations, and social benefits”
Social Justice
is the process of enhancing people’s awareness of themselves, of others, or of issues in the social environment.
Consciousness Raising
stresses how group members can help and empower each other through mutual aid, the act of providing support, feedback, and information within a group context.
Mutual Aid Empowerment
Potential power discrepancies exist within any group
Power
Enumerate the Five styles of communication in groups
(1) Maypole demonstrates
(2) Round Robin
(3) Hot Seat
(4) Agenda-Controlled
a communication pattern where the leader remains at the center of the group
Maypole demonstrates
where the leader maintains control but each group member takes turn speaking.
Round Robin
involves the leader maintaining control by directing all attention to one group member.
Hot Seat
where the leader maintains strict order by using Robert’s Rules of order or some other structured form of running a meeting.
Agenda-Controlled
involve “the liberation of women and girls from discrimination based on gender”
Feminist theories
generally refers to “control by men of a disproportionately large share of the power”
Patriarchy
empowerment involves women coming together concerning a common cause and promoting “human liberation”.
Empowerment Feminist empowerment
is “reconceptualized as limitless” and conceived of as being collectively shared.
Power
stresses male dominance focuses on the significance of end results and goal achievement.
traditional patriarchal perspective
“Diversity is Strength” Feminist theories stress unity and harmony, on the on hand, and appreciation of diverse characteristics on the other.
Unity in Diversity
Enumerate the Different types of behaviors
(1) Innate or inherited behavior
(2) Behavior acquired or learned
(3) Observable/manifest behavior
(4) Latent/concealed behavior
(5) Voluntary behavior
(6) Involuntary/reflex behaviors
(7) Adaptive behavior
(8) Maladaptive Behaviors
(9) Appetitive behaviors
(10) Complementary behavior
(11) Passive behavior
(12) Aggressive behavior
(13) Assertive behavior
(14) Conditional behavior/respondent
(15) Unconditioned behavior
(16) Operant conduct
