Module 3 Flashcards
AKA
above the knee amputation
BKA
below the knee amputation
CK
creatine kinase
C1, C2, etc
first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, etc
EMG
electromyography
Fx
fracture
IM
intramuscular
L1, L2, etc
first lumbar vertebrae, second lumbar vertebrae etc
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NSAIDs
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OA
osteoarthritis
ROM
range of motion
T1, T2, etc
first thoracic vertebrae, second vertebrae etc
Define agonist
the muscle that is the primary mover of a given moment
Define amputation
Amputat= to cut through
-ion=process
surgical or traumatic removal or a limb, part, or other appendage
Define arthralgia
Arthr=joint
-algia=pain
joint pain
Define atonic
A=lack of
ton=tone, tension
-ic=pertaining to
lack of normal muscle tone
Define ataxia
a=lack of
-taxia=order
lack of muscular coordination
Define atrophy
a=lack of
-trophy=lack of nourishment
wasting away of muscular tissue that may be caused by lack of use or lack of nerve stimulation of the muscle
Define brachyalgia
Brach/l=slow
-algia=pain
pain the arm
Define bradykinesia
Brady=slow
-kinesia=movement
slowness of motion or movement
Define bursa
Burs=a pouch
pad like sac between muscles, tendons & bones that is lines with synovial fluid & contains a fluid
Define calcneal
Calcan/e=heel bone
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to heel bone
Define carpal
carp=wrist
al=pertaining to
pertaining to wrist bones
Define cast
medical equipment that is hard & used to immobilize a fractured bone, dislocated joint or sprain
Define chondral
Chondr=cartilage
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to cartilage
Define clavicular
Clavicul=clavicle
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to the clavicle or collar bone
Define coccygeal
Coccyg/e=Coccyx
-al pertaining to
pertaining to the coccyx or tailbone
Define contracture
shortening of the muscle that is then resistant to stretching
Define dactylogram
Dactyl/o=finger or toe
-gram=mark or record
a fingerprint
Define dislocation
separation of the bone from the joint
Define dystonia
Dys=difficult
ton=tone
-ia=condition
impaired muscle tone
Define fixation
Fixat=fastened
-ion=process
process of holding or securing in a fixed position
Define flaccid
lacking muscle tone
Define hallux
the great toe
Define humeral
Humer=humerus
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to the humerus
Define Iliac
ili=ilium
-ac=pertaining to
pertaining to the ilium
Define Iliosacral
pertaining to the ilium and sacrum
Define Intercostal
inter=between
cost=rib
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to the space between 2 ribs
Define ischial
isch/l=ischium
-al=pertaining to
pertaining to the ischium
Define lumbar
lumb=lower back
-ar=pertaining to
pertaining to the lower back
Define mandibular
Mandibul=lower jawbone
-ar=pertaining to
pertaining to the lower jaw
Define maxillary
Maxill=upper jawbone
-ary=pertaining to
pertaining to the upper jawbone
Define meniscus
Menisc=crescent
-us=structure
crescent-shaped cartilage that is located in certain joints, such as the knee
Define myalgia
My=muscle
-algia=pain
pain the muscle
Define orthopedics
study of the musculoskeletal
system, its structure, function, and pathology.
Define osteogenesis
oste/o=bone
-genesis=formation
formation of bone
Define radial
pertaining to the radius
Define pedal
pertaining to the foot
Define spinal
pertaining to the spine
Define symphysis
a firm joint, made of cartilage
Define synergist
muscle that acts alongside another muscle to produce movement
Define tibial
pertaining to the tibia
Define ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
Define xiphoid
xiph=sword
-oid=resemble
lowest portion of the
sternum, it is cartilage that is shaped like a sword
Arthr/o
joint
Burs/o
bursa
Carp/o
carpus/wrist
Chondr/o
cartilage
Clavicula/o
clavicle/collar bone
Coccyg/o
coccyx/tailbone
Cost/o
rib
Crani/o
skull
Femor/o
femur
Fibul/o
fibula (thin, lower leg bone)
Humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (bone in the pelvis)
Ischi/o
ischium (bone in the pelvis)
Kyph/o
hump
Lord/o
bent backward
Mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw)
Maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw)
Metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
Metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
Muscul/o
muscle
My/o
muscle
Oste/o
bone
Patell/o
patella (knee cap)
Phalang/o
phalanges (fingers & toes)
Pub/o
pubus (bone in the pelvis)
Radi/o
radius (part of forearm)
Sacr/o
sacrum
Scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
Scoli/o
crooked/bent
Spondyl/o
vertebra
Stern/o
sternum
Tars/o
tarsus
Ten/o
tendon
Tendin/o
tendon
Tibi/o
Tibia (thicker lower leg bone)
Uln/o
ulna (part of forearm)
Vertebr/o
vertebra
Acr/o
extremity
Aden/o
gland
Albin/o
white
Ang/i
vessel
Caus/o
burn; burning
Cellul/o
little cell
Cutane/o
skin
Derm/a
skin
Dermat/o
skin
Erythr/o
red
Follicul/o
little bag
Hidr/o
sweat
Icter/o
jaundice
Integument/o
a covering
Kel/o
tumor
Kerat/o
horn
Leuk/o
white
Melan/o
black
Onych/o
nail
Pachy/o
thick
Pedicul/o
a louse
Plak/o
plate
Prurit/o
itching
Rhytid/o
wrinkle
Scler/o
hard; hardening
Seb/o
oil
Therm/o
hot; heat
Vuls/o
to pull
Trich/o
to pull
Xanth/o
yellow
Xer/o
dry
What’s the function of skin?
- protect the body
- regulate temp
- sense the surrounding environment
- secrete various substances
largest organ of the body
What’s the function of sweat glands?
- secrete sweat, which is made up of water, salt & other chemicals
- cools the body
What’s the function of sebaceous glands?
- secrete sebum, oily substance that protects the skin from dehydration
Define epidermis
- outer layer of the skin
- made up of 5 layers
Define melanin
- pigment that colors the skin
- found in the epidermis
Define Langerhans cells
- found in the stratum spinosum layer
- protects the skin from invading microoragnisms
Define keratin
- protein that forms hair, nails & thick skin of the palms & soles
Define dermis
- deep to the epidermis
- made up of connective tissue
- contains nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, elastic fibers, hair follicles, lymphatics, sebaceous & sweat glands
Define macule
flat, discolored spot on the skin
EX: mole
Define wheal
localized, temporary elevation of the skin that is itchy
EX: hives, urticaria
Define papule
solid, confined, and elevated area on the skin
EX: pimple
Define vesicle
small fluid-filled sac
EX: blister
Define pustule
small, elevated confined lesion that is filled with pus
EX: pimple
Define ulcer
erosion, or eating away, of healthy tissue
Define fissure
crack-like slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis
Define hair
thin, stringlike structure that develops out of a hair follicle
Define nails
- located on fingers & toes
- made up of hard keratin & cover the end of fingers & toes
- made up of nail body & nail root
Define nail bed
- the epithelial tissue located deep to the nail body
- pink in color due to the blood vessels that are located in the tissue
Define nail root
fold of epithelial tissue that is not visible
Define eponychium
-aka cuticle
- small portion of the epithelial fold that extends over the base of the nail body
Define lunula
- crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail body that is lighter than the rest of the nail
- caused by compression of blood vessels that are under the nail body
Define free edge
- top of the nail body & projects over the tip of the finger or toe
- portion of the nail that is trimmed
Define merocrine sweat glands
- located throughout the body, more prevalent on soles of feet & palms of hands
- release sweat directly to the skin’s surface
Define apocrine sweat glands
- located in the axillae, around the nipples & in groin
- they begin to secrete sweat during puberty
- secrete sweat into hair follicles
Define acne
inflammation of the sebaceous glands & hair follicles that results in pustules & papules
Define acne rosacea
- chronic acne
- red rash, tiny pimples, broken blood vessels typically on cheeks & nose
Define alopecia
loss of hair, typically on head
Define alopecia areata
hair loss in defined patches
Define androgenetic alopecia
hair loss that results from aging
- begins in frontal area of scalp & proceeds towards the back
Define basal cell carcinoma
- skin cancer found in the epidermis
- largely result from sun exposure
Define burns
tissue injuries that result from heat, fire, chemicals, electricity, lightning, or radiation being applied to the skin
Define first-degree burn
- affects the epidermis
- results in erythema without blisters
Define second-degree burn
- extends through epidermis & into dermis
- causes blisters to form
- also called a partial thickness burn
Define third-degree burn
- full thickness burn
- extends through epidermis, dermis, & underlying tissues
- high risk for infection & fluid loss
Define cellulitis
- acute, diffuse inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
- caused by a bacterial infection
- red, painful, swollen
Define decubitus ulcers
- form on any part of the body that bears weight
- form from pressure that obstructs blood flow for a long time
- also called pressure sores
Define ecchymosis
- also called bruising
- caused by trauma
- black & blue appearance of the skin from the blood collecting under the skin
Define eczema
- acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition where the skin becomes red and itch
- also called atopic dermatitis
Define gangrene
- tissue necrosis that is caused by a lack of blood supply
- difficult to treat and requires wound debridement and IV antibiotics
Define herpes simplex
- viral infection caused by the herpes virus type 1
- causes painful blisters around the lips & the nose
Define herpes zoster
- viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus
- occurs along nerve root
- causes very painful blisters to form along the nerve on the skin
- also called shingles
Define impetigo
- inflammatory skin disease that presents with pustules and vesicles that rupture and become crusted
- can result from a strep or staph infection
Define malignant melanoma
- skin cancer that is aggressive and can metastasize
- originates in a melanocyte
Define pediculosis
infection caused by lice
Define psoriasis
chronic inflammatory condition where crusty papules form patches on the skin
Define scabies
- infection from a mite that burrows into the dermis of the skin and deposits eggs
- treated with a topical scabicide
Define squamous cell carcinoma
- skin cancer that starts in the epidermis.
- causes ulcers
- rarely metastasizes
Define tinea corporis
- also called ringworm
- contagious fungal infection of the skin that results in scaling, discolored, & well-defined skin lesions that are itchy and appear as patches
Define varicella
- viral infection of herpes zoster
- also called chickenpox
- causes fever and headache
- sx include: skin rash of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts
Define vitiligo
skin condition where the pigment of the skin disappears, and the area appears white
Define flexion
bending a limb
Define extension
straightening a flexed limb
Define circumduction
moving a body part away from the middle
Define abduction
moving a body part away the middle
Define adduction
moving a body part toward the middle
Define protraction
moving a body part forward
Define retraction
moving a body part backward
Define rotation
moving a body part around in a central axis
Define dorsiflexion
bending a body part backward
Define pronation
turning the palm downward
Define supination
turning the palm upward
Define eversion
turning the sole outward
Define inversion
turning the sole inward
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
BX, bx
biopsy
C&S
culture & sensitivity
Decub
decubitus ulcer
Derm
dermatology
HSV
Herpes Simplex Virus
I&D
incision & drainage
ID
intradermal
MM
malignant melanoma
PPD
purified protein derivative
SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
SG
skin graft
STSG
split thickness skin graft
Subq
subcutaneous
Abrasion
skin in jury that scrapes away the surface of the skin
Abscess
collection of pus in the skin
Albinism
genetic condition where there is partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair & eyes
Anhindrosis
condition where the pt is not able to sweat
Autograft
graft taken from pt’s body and transferred to another part of the same pt
Avulsion
when part or structure of the body, such as finger or toe, has been forcibly torn off the body
Biopsy
surgical procedure to remove a piece of tissue for further evaluation under a microscope
Bulla
large blister
Cauterization
intentional destruction of tissue by a caustic chemical, electric current, laser or freezing
Cyst
fluid filled sac in the skin
Chemabrasion
removal of superficial layers of skin using chemicals
Comedo
blackhead
Contusion
blunt trauma to the skin that results in bruising w/o a beak in the skin
Cryosurgery
using extreme cold to freeze & destroy tissue
Culture & Sensitivity
lab test to determine specific bacteria causing an infection, as well as bacteria’s sensitivity to different abx
Debridement
removal of foreign material, dead and/or damaged tissue from a wound
Dehiscience
complication of wound healing where the edges of the wound reopen & separate
Dermabrasion
scraping the skin with sandpaper or rotating wire brushes
Dermatologist
physician who specializes in the study of the skin
Erythema
redness of the skin
Eschar
scab, slough
Exudate
oozing of pus or serum
Keloid
thick & raised scar caused by excessive collagen formation
Laceration
wound in the skin w/ a jagged edge, typically caused by trauma
Lesion
general term that indicates any type of abnormality in the skin
Necrosis
area of tissue death
Nevus
pigmented skin blemish, birthmark or mole
Nodule
solid, raised area of skin cells
Omychia
inflamed nail bed
Petechiae
flat, pinpoint, purplish spots from bleeding that is underneath the skin
Pruritus
severe itching
Purpura
bruises that occur in older adults within thin, easily damaged skin
Pyogenic
producing pus
Seborrhea
oil discharge from the sebaceous glands
Skin graft
transfer of healthy skin to cover another damaged area
Trichophagia
hair eating
Urticaria
skin eruption of pale reddish wheal with severe itching
also called hives
Ungal
pertaining to the nail
Define arthritis
inflammation of a joint
Define rheumatoid arthritis
destruction of the joint caused by someone’s immune system
Define osteoarthritis
inflammation of a joint that results from general use of the joint as the body ages
Define inflammation
common cause of pain & tenderness in the musculoskeletal system
Define bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
Define tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
Define fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
Define myositis
inflammation of the muscle
Define carpal tunnel syndrome
syndrome of pain, soreness, tenderness, weakness, numbness & tingling of the hand & wrist due to compression of the medial nerve that goes underneath a ligament that connects to wrist bones
common in those who do repetitive motions such as hairdressers or wrking on a computer
Define Genu valgum & genu varum
abnormal conditions of the legs that can develop as a child grows
“knock knee” where ankles are far apart & knees are together
“bowleg” where legs are bowed & knees are far apart when a child stands
Define gout
disease where the pt develops pain the small joints of the hands & feet due to deposits of uric acid crystals in the joint
Define kyphosis
where the curve located in the thoracic portion of the skin becomes exaggerated
produces a “humpback”
Define lordosis
exaggeration of the normal lumbar curve
pushes the abdomen & buttocks out
Define scoliosis
abnormal lateral curve to the spine
Define myeloma
tumor in the bone marrow
Define osteoscarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
Define myoma
tumor of the muscle
Define myosarcoma
malignant tumor of the muscle tissue
Define osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone & bone marrow
caused by infection from a pathogenic organism
Define osteoporosis
condition where bone density decreases, which causes bone fragility
can lead to weakness & increased in bone fractures
most common in postmenopausal women
Why can fractures occur
due to trauma or disease
Define closed or simple fractures
don’t involve a break in the skin
Define open or compound fractures
don’t involve a break
can cause infection or bleeding
Define comminuted fracture
where a bone is shattered
Define transverse fracture
break in the shaft of the bone
Define compression fracture
when 2 bones are pressed together
Define Greenstick & epiphyseal fractures
bones that are not fully calcified & are more flexible
more common in children
Define ORIF or open reduction, internal fixation procedure
surgical repair of a severe fracture
Define muscular dystrophy
group of genetic disease that cause progressive weakness & degeneration
Define arthrocentesis
surgical procedure to remove fluid in a joint
Define arthroscopy
surgical procedure to examine the inside of a joint with a camera
Define arthroplasty
surgical procedure used to repair a joint
can be repaired partially or completely
Define bone marrow transplant
surgical procedure where bone marrow is taken from a donor & placed into a pt
used to treat cancers
Define craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
Define craniotomy
surgical incision made into the skull
Define laminectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the vertebrae
Define spondylosyndesis
means spinal binding
surgical procedure where 2 vertebrae are fused together
results in loss of movement between the vertebrae
common tx for back pain caused by injury to the intervertebral discs
