Module 2 Flashcards
Define homeostasis
state of equilibrium that is maintained in the body’s internal environment to support and sustain life
Define anatomical terminology
used to describe the human body
The term anatomy is created from
2 Greek words: ana meaning “apart” and tome meaning “to cut”
Atoms combine to make
molecules
Molecules combine to make
cells
Define cell
basic building block of the human body
Cells combine to form
tissues
Tissues combine to form
organs
Organs combine to form
different systems of the body
The body has how many tissue types
4, epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
Define tissue
grouping of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function
Define epithelial tissue
- forms the outer surfaces of the body and lines body cavities as well as tubes that lead to the exterior of the body
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
protection, sensation, secretion, absorption, excretion, diffusion of gases, liquids & nutrients
How does epithelial tissue protect the skin?
via the skin forming a physical barrier over underlying tissue
Where does epithelial tissue form cells?
skin, eyes, ear, nose and tongue
to help the body interpret sensory stimuli
What does epithelial tissue secrete?
hormones, enzymes and lubricating fluids from various glands
What are the functions of connective tissue?
builds the support for the body’s organs and muscle sheaths
connects muscles to bones and bones to joints
most abundant tissue in the body
How many muscle tissues are there?
3: skeletal, smooth and cardiac
What are the functions of skeletal tissue?
for movement and posture
voluntarily controlled
Where is smooth muscle found?
esophagus, stomach, intestine and bladder
involuntary muscle, controlled by autonomic nervous system
Define cardiac muscle
found in the heart
involuntary muscle, controlled by autonomic nervous system
What are the functions of nervous tissue?
to communicate through out the body
are excitable & can conduct electricity
coordinate and control the functions of the body
What are organs?
structures in the body that perform specific purposes
EX: heart, liver, kidneys, brain, skin
What are Systems?
groups of different organs functioning together for a common purpose
Define anatomical position
the position in which the body is standing upright, head facing forward and arms extended by the side of the body with palms oriented to the front
What are body planes?
body is divided into imaginary sections
Define sagittal plane
vertically into right & left sections
Define midsagittal plane
equal left & right halves at midline
Define transverse or horizontal plane
superior and inferior sections
Define coronal or frontal plan
anterior & posterior sections
at the right angle to the midsagittal plane
Define directional terms
describe the location of a body part in relation to another body part
Define superior
above
in an upward direction
toward the head
Define inferior
Combining Form: infer/o
below
in a downward direction
more toward the feet
Define anterior
Combining Form: anter/o
in front of
before
the front side of the body
Define posterior
Combining Form: poster/o
toward the back
the backside of the body
Define cephalic
Combining Form: cephal/o
pertaining to the head
superior in the position
Define caudal
Combining Form: caud/o
pertaining to the tail
inferior in the position
Define Medial
Combining Form: Medi/o
nearest to the midline or middle
Define lateral
Combining Form: Later/o
to the side
away from the middle
Define proximal
Combining Form: Proxim/o
nearest to the point of attachment
near from the point of origin
Define distal
Combining Form: Dist/o
away from the point of attachment
far from the point of origin
Define deep
further below the surface
Define superficial
nearer the surface
Abdomin/o + al
pertaining to the abdomen
Ante + cubit/o + al
pertaining to the front of the elbow
Axillary
underarm area
Brachi/o + al
pertaining to the arm
Cervic/o + al
pertaining to the neck
Crani/o + al
pertaining to the skull
Femor/o + al
pertaining to the femur/thigh
Genit/o + al
pertaining to the genitals
Glute/o + al
pertaining to the buttocks
Inguin/o + al
pertaining to the groin
Lower extremity
the entire leg
Nas/o + al
pertaining to the nose
Orbit/o + al
pertaining to the eye socket
Or/o + al
pertaining to the mouth
Ot/o + ic
pertaining to the ear
Palmar
the palm of the hand
Patell/o + ar
pertaining to the kneecap
Pelv/o + ic
pertaining to the pelvis
Plantar
the sole of the foot
Popiteal
the area behind the knee
Scapula/o + ar
pertaining to the shoulder blade
Stern/o + al
pertaining to the sternum
Thorac/o + ic
pertaining to the chest/lungs
Trunk
the torso
does not include arms or legs
Umbilical
the region around the naval
Upper extremity
the entire arm
Vertebr/o + al
pertaining to the spine
Define Cavities
hollow spaces that contain organs
enclosed with membranes that are specific to the cavities that they cover
Define cranial cavity
contains the brain
protected by a membrane sac called the meninges
protected by the skull
Define spinal cavity
contains spinal cord
protected by the cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae
covered by the meninges
Define thoracic cavity
contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta, & thymus gland
protected by the ribs & separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
What can the thoracic cavity be divided into?
mediastinum & pleural cavities
Define mediastinum
in the central region of the thoracic cavity
contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta & thymus gland
Define pleural cavities
located lateral to the mediastinum on either side
each one contains a lung and covered by a membrane called pleura
Define abdominopelvic cavity
divided into the superior section of the abdominal cavity & inferior section of pelvic cavity
covered by a membrane called peritoneum
Right hypochondriac
right lateral side of upper row under the ribs that connect to the sternum via cartilage
Epigastric
middle area of upper row above the stomach
Left hypochondriac
left lateral side of upper row
Right lumbar
right lateral side of middle row, near the waist
Umbilical
middle area of middle row containing the umbilicus
Left lumbar
left lateral side of middle row
Right iliac
right lateral side of lower row near the groin
Hypogastric
middle area of lower row
Left iliac
left lateral side of lower row
What organs are in RUQ
majority of the liver, the right kidney, a portion of the large intestine, a small portion of the pancreas, gallbladder, and a section of the small intestine
What organs are in RLQ
large intestine and small intestine, the right ureter, appendix, and in females, the right ovary and the right fallopian tube
What organs are in LUQ
small portion of the liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, the majority of the pancreas, and portions of the small and large intestines
What organs are in LLQ
portions of the small and large intestines, left ureter, and in females, the left ovary and left uterine tube
Define Prone
body positioned horizontally, face down & back oriented superiorly
Define Supine
body positioned horizontally, face up & back oriented inferiorly
Define Lithotomy position
supine position in which buttocks are at the end of the exam table, hips & knees flexed & feet supported by stirrups
used in gyno exams & surgeries
Define Fowler position
known as semi-recumbent position
supine position
HOB elevated 45 degrees
