Module 3 Flashcards
Memory impairment Acquired Brain Injury:
impaired memory is most common deficit observed in ?
also a common area of deficit in children with comm. disorders such as ? and overlaps with attentional deficits in other?
persisting memory and learning problems were reported at ?
impaired verbal memory has been strongly related to ?
acquired brain pathology
SLI developmental disorders
one two and six years post injury and mod to severe TBI
unemployment at seven and fifteen
Neuroanatomy of Memory:
temporal lobe and hippocampus important for ? and ?
frontal lobe and subcortical structures important for ?
memory can be affected by lesions anywhere in the ?
there are multiple long term memory sites especially in integration areas of ? that are implicated in ?
retrieval process is mediated by the ? with other ?
storage of new memories / retrieval of existing memories
encoding information and retrieving through their role in executive and supervisory functions
brain
temporo-parietal lobes/ verbal and visual memory
frontal lobe and associations with other cortical and subcortical areas/ retrieval of memories
Important memory structures:
hippocampal formation: contains multiple ?
hippocampus: associated with ?
-located within the ?
-key to ?
-encodes and integrates information from ?
prefrontal cortex: important for
striatum: important for
amygdala: important for ?
cerebellum: important for ?
thalamus: important for processing
important for learning and ?
primary structures for memory
declarative, semantic, episodic memory
-temporal lobe
-storing memories , consolidation from STM to LTM
-info from multiple areas of the brain
working memory
procedural memory
declarative memory and emotional content fo rmemory
learned motor skills
processing and sensory integration during formation and storage of memory/ maitenance of working memory
Medial and Inferior temporal lobe associated structures:
Parahippocampal gyrus: located in ?
entorhinal cortex: major ?
piriform cortex: associated with storage of ?
perihinal cortex: helps the formation and retrieval of ?
rhinal cortex: detects ?
parahippocampal cortex: associated with
fusiform gyrus: also known as the ? important for remembering ? … integration and ?
interior/medial portions of temporal lobe
input/output between cerebral cortex and hippocampus/ memory retrieval and consolidation of memory ; important for declarative memory
storage of info and involves olfaction in memory
formation and retrieval of episodic memories; recognition
novel info and encodes into memory
visualspatial and episodic memory
occiptotemporal gyrus: seen objects/ multisensory/ perception
Inputs and Outputs of Hippocampus:
major structure for memory that receives inputs from ?
folded structure with ?
input reaches ? before going to hippocampus
output is the fornix for ?
information loops around to the thalamus and hypothalamus for memory ?
association areas of cortex
temporal lobes
rhinal and parahippocampal cortices before going to hippocampus
reactivation of memory
reactivation back to cortical association areas
Hippocampus:
function
formation of ? and memory ?
consolidation from ?
…
storage for
involved in ?
dysfunction:
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-
-
memories and memory recognition
STM to LTM
learning
long term memory
spatial navigation
amnesia, dementia, memory disorder
Verbal vs. visual memory:
modality specificity
left hemisphere:
right hemisphere:
this only holds true with relatively?
furthermore, most visual memory tests include materials that can be ?
unless they are quite complex and unfamiliar nonsense patterns, figures or designs will not fully?
verbal memory and lexical information
visual memory, topographical memory and non-verbal info
circumscribed lesions/ verbalized
escape verbal labeling
Theoretical model of human memory:
early stage model:
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-
-
encoding - consolidation
storage
retrieval
Encoding:
early processing of ?
involves strategies such as ?
quality determines how well info is ?
material to be learned
rehearsal and organization
stored and later retrieved
Storage:
holding information in the memory system for
short term store temporary unless transferred to ?
encoding processes occur during ?
long-term store considered to be permanent unless disrupted by
future use
long-term store
short-term storage
pathological process
Retrieval
pulling info from
delayed ?
may be facilitated by presentation of?
storage in order to use it
recall on memory tests
information in recognition formats (multiple choice/ yes/no)
Interaction between encoding, storage and retrieval:
quality of encoding impacts ?
info encoded deeply and associated with pre-existing knowledge is more likely to be ?
information is better recalled under conditions similar to ?
repeated retrieval of info can increase probability of being ?
storage and retrieval
-more effectively and efficiently
when it was learned (context dependent or domain specific memory)
retrieved at a later time
System models of memory:
evolved from concerns that stage models were ?
breakdowns occur in one? while others are ?
memory is comprised of sets of ?
simplistic and could not explain complexities of memory process
component of system / preserved
interrelated systems and subsystems
Models of Working Memory:
two slave systems serve long-term memory:
systems temporarily store information as well as perform operations that would ?
also holds information that has been temporarily pulled from?
central executive:
-interfaces between ?
traditional ?
allocates attention to ? chooses and carries out ? such as ?
phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
maintain information and eventually transfer to LTM/ has been temporarily pulled from LTM
phonological loop, visuo=spatial sketchpad and longterm memory
frontal lobe functions
different process/ different activities/ organization
-
-
explicit
semantic- knowledgeof facts
episodic: knwoledge regarding personal experiences
implicit
skills and habits:
priming: in amnestic patients - preserved learning even when cannot recall learning episode
Long-term memory loss
memories can ?
-memories must be ?
-
pathological loss:
dementia: loss caused by
amnesia: severe
confabulation: gaps in memory filled with
repressed memory: memory is blocked from
dissociative fugue: lost of one’s ? so new ?
psychosis:
weaken over time
-strengthened
forgetfulness
alochol black out
disease in brain
memory loss (impacts ability to learn)
filled with fabrications
blocked from conscious recall
past / identity formed
lose touch with reality
Prospective memory:
memory for
-delayed …
-simulus ?
which areas of the brain ?
future activities or actions
intentions
simulus dependent or stimulus independent
rostral prefrontal cortex
brodman 7 and 40
Memory Assessment: important part of rehab process
guides implementation of tx goals by the
guides development of
guides discussions with pts and family members regarding
serves as an ?
team
devleopment of remedial and compensatory strategies
challenges after discharge
anchor poitn for future changes
Psychometric issues:
validity: does the measure assess
reliability: does the measure provide
standardization: … in administering
normative data: scores of a representative sample of
what it is designed to assess
repeatable consistent findings
uniformity of procedure
population on a test
Levels of assessment in relationship to the theoretical model
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-
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word list recall
paragraph recall
word-associations
digit or serial recall
Level of assessment:
-..recall
-…recall
-…recall
…choice
immediate recall
delayed recall
recognition recall
forced choice
List learning multi-trial free recall paradigms:
allow the investigation of several
the five learning trials allow for:
intial recall
learning curve
primacy and ?
repetitions and or ?
learning strategies:
memory components
span or attention mechanisms
amount of info learned
primacy and recency effects
extra list words
organizarion, association, rehearsal visualization
milti-trial free recall paradigms:
the presentation and recall of ?
interference:
extra list words:
recognition
cued
forced
List B and recall of List A
practice and retroactive
contextual recall
retention
retrieval
cued recall
forced choice
Screening Battery examples- nsubspan
five ?
repeat words for two
delayed ?
-free
-..prompt
MOCA
unrelated words
for two consecutive trials
recall
-free recall
-category prompt
Additional List Learning Examples:
Measures widely used by SLPs as they correspond with the ?
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-
-
-
Specific Memory Assessments:
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-
memory model
RIPA-II
WJ-IV
COGNISTAT
MOCA
TOMAL-2
DTLA-A
Paragraph Recall:
active
logically
provides
-
facilitates encoding for pts who have a more
a pt may do poorly on learning tasks but performance may?
ingredients
organized info
context
meaningful
passive elarning style
improve on paragraph recall tasl
Digit Span Tasks:
digits
tasks do not
digits backward
taxes the
all tasks involve
forwar-attention
tac central executive system
phonological declarative memory
central executive system
immediate recall
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-
-
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abstract designs
figures
melodies
spatial positions
unfamiliar faces
Assessment of Nonverbal Memory
picture recall of unfamiliar faces
spatial span tasks
complex figure test
Visual Span
…task
does not assess ?
backwards -does assess
-taxes the
typically visual span backwards are
forward attention task
working memory or central executive system
working memory
-visual and central exec. system
immediate recall tasks
Figure recall: levels of assessment
immediaterecall
delayed recall
recognition recall
kEY POINTS FOR SUCCESSFUL RRECALL/MEMORY
1. you cannot
2. you cannot recall what you d not
3. you must practice memory when the outcome is
4. you must actievly manipulate the
- recall what you do not attend to
- understand
- low stakes
- information in order to store it
Two Primary Approaches to Cognitive Retraining:
1. restorative
based on ?
involves
suggest that neuronal growth and synaptogenesis result directly from ?
Compensatory:
based on the assumption that certain functions cannot
therefore the individual needs to use certain strategies to improve ? without relying on ?
neuroanatomical and neurophysical models of learning
neuroplasticiy principles
repeated exposure and repetition of stimulation through experience
be recovered or restored completely
functional performance/ restoration of damaged neurocognitive systems
