Module 1: Neurological Bases Flashcards
Disorders of the Brain and Impact on Cog:
developmental: specific?
-
-syndrome
.. conditions such as ?
Acquired Neurological: examples include
Progressive (also ?)
examples include
specific language impairment. ASD, ADHD, genetic and congenital conditions - down syndrome, fragile X
TBI, CVA, brain tumor, infectious diseases (meningitis and epilepsy)
also degenerative - cerebral palsy, PD, ALS
Etiologies can occur at any?
some disorders may impact ?
examples:
levels of severity can correlate to the level of ?
as SLPs we are responsible for the? that can manifest from?
level of CNS, including neural level
multiple levels of the CNS
-Alzheimers, CVA, autism
damage to the CNS/PNS
mngmt of comm and cog disorders that manifest from breakdown to CNS/PNS
ADHD, Intellectual disabilities, Specific learning disorder, autism =… rather than
abnormal development/ damage
Examples for progressive/degenerative:
multiple sclerosis: … disorder affecting ? which can result in ?
myasthenia Gravis: .. affects the receptors in the membrane of the ? Cranial nerves involvement affects:
parkinsons - deterioration of ?
Alzheimers: breakdown of ? causes… to tangle. Microglia and astrocytes are damaged by ? which affects ? results in deterioration of ? and enlarged ?
demyelinating disorder/ CNS/ numbness, tremor, weakness, spasms, loss of balance, vision changes, hearing loss
acetylcholine/ post synaptic neurones/. facial muscles, choking, and dropped jaw
basal ganglia and substantia nigra
tau proteins/ microtubules / amyloid beta plaques/ dendrite branching and synapses/ hippocampus and enlarged ventricles with progression into cortex
Examples of acquired disorders:
CVA: BLEEDING INTO ? CELL DEATH CAUSES DAMAGE TO ?
can result in ?
hydrocephalus: excessive accumulation of ? which causes increased ? causes ?
diffuse axonal shear injury: axons are ? during trauma / can result in ? and many types of ?
cranium or blockage of blood flow / cortical structures/ aphasia when occurs on left hemisphere
CSF in brain/ pressure on brain/ cognitive problems in addition to headache, nausea, vomiting, and more
sheared/ diffuse damage/ impairments
ICD-10 classifications:
contentiously?
primarily:
-.. model not based on ?
single disorder may fall within ?
used for
changing or evolving (on 10th revision)
primarily anatomical model
multidisciplinary /SLP
multiple categories
billing
Cells of the Nervous System:
main cells that compromise most of the CNS are called
-glia: these cells also in the ? to support ad protect ?
Neurons have fibers called axons that comprise most of the ?
bundles of axons in the PNS called
bundles of axons in the CNS called
neurons
CNS/ neurons
PNS
nerves
tracts
Neurons compose the ? matter
grey matter: composed of tightly packed ?
makes up the ?
White matter:
composed of …. axons which sends electrical impulses down the neuron
-bundles of axons travel together and carry information from one part of the brain to the other
GRAY AND WHITE MATTER
cell bodies and dendrite and glial cells
cortex
myelinated axons/ are tracts
Neuron Communication: the synapse
Synapse: are where
contains vesicles filled with
synapse: action of neurotransmitter vesicles releasing neurotransmitters into the ? which are received by the ?
communication between cells occur through the release of naurotransmitters caused by ?
synapse occurs
-neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft/ post-synaptic dendrite
an action potential that travels down axon
brain slices:
transverse: divides brain into
coronal section: slicing brain ? splits brain into
sagittal section: slicing brain into
can be ? or
midsagittal: slicing brain at ?
dorsal and ventral
perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane ; splits brain into rostral and caudal
left and right
midline into parallel left and right halves
Topography of the cerebrum:
gyrus: … between ?
sulcus: … on brain cortex
fissue: a deep ? deeper than ?
rounded areas between sulci and fissuers
grooves
cleft bordering the gyri / sulci
Frontal lobe: controls…
regulation of ? including:
parietal lobe: ..orientation, …, …, …. interpretation of ?
temporal lobe: … comprehension .. elaboration, and ?
personality, mood, executive devisions/ cognitive functions - reaosning, self monitoring, planning, attention, decision making
spatial orientation, recognition, emotion, prosody/ sensation
language comprehension, thought elaboration, olfaction and memory
other important cortical structures:
premotor cortex: …, …. coordination and planning of
anterior cingulate cortex: ….
dosrsolateral pre-frontal cortex:
venterolateral pre-frontal cortex:
attention, shifting coordination and planning of movement
affect, selective attention, empathy and social interactions
motivation, exec funct. , monitoring attention
judgment, emotion supressions, dual tasking and conflict resolution
Important subcortical structures:
anterior cingulate cortex:
thalamus: .. integration
hypothalamus: …
hippocampus: … processing
fibers from hippocampus travel in the ? which is important for
amygdala:
empathy, emotions, impulse control and making decisions
sensory integration
hunger, thirst, body temperature , regulated pituitary
memory processing
fornix/ memory consolidation
agression, fear
Comm. within the brain:
three types of fibers provide constant interactivity for information integration:
projection fibers: relay ? between
comissural fibers: between ?
corpus callosum: transfer info from ?
anterior comissure: joins
association fibers:
bidirectional channels for comm. among areas ?
superior longitudinal fasiculus : connection for ?
inferior longitudinal fasiculus: connection for
cingulum: limbic pathway connecting:
sensory and motor info / cortex, subcortex, brainstem, spinal cord, PNS
hemisphere comm
-one cerebral hemisphere to the other
joins right and left
within each hemisphere
frontal lobe to occipital and temporal
frontal lobe to occipital
cingulate to hippocampus
CSF produced in?
three main functions of CSF:
to keep brain tissue:
to deliver nutrients to the brain and remove
to flow between the ? to compensate for changes in ?
choroid plexus
buoyant - shock absorber
waste from metabolic activities
cranium and spine/ intracranial blood volume
CSF produced in?
three main functions of CSF:
to keep brain tissue:
to deliver nutrients to the brain and remove
to flow between the ? to compensate for changes in ?
choroid plexus
buoyant - shock absorber
waste from metabolic activities
cranium and spine/ intracranial blood volume
What is cognition:
mental processes used to?
3 overlapping nonhierarchical domains:
obtain, recall, understand/learn and use knowledge
attention, memory , executive functions
Role of SLP in cognition:
overlap with ?
areas we do not work with:
Neuropsychology, OT, and other professionals
depression or emotional management, behavior management, psychotherapy
What are cognitive communicative disorders:
communication disorders that are associated with cognitive impairments such as:
they can be.. or.. or?
in general the effect of injury and prognosis will depend on a number of factors:
for focal lesions
for multi-focal lesions
for diffuse lesions:
CVA, brain tumor, TBI, DAT, RHD, infectious diseases
language based, speech based, or both
size+location +depth of brain damage
unilateral vs bilateral damage, staged vs staggered in time
density+ neural element involved in injury
Communication: gradual degradation of language for ? vs a sudden loss of language for ?
affected comm. functions:
…
…
..issues
..issues
..language
cognitive:
memory domain:
-
nonlinguistic semantic deficits: diff with ?
-
pragmatics:
awareness of
attention domain:
progressive disorders/ acquired disorders
anomia, aphasia, apraxia, dysarhtria, mutism
grammar
discourse
voicing issues
prosody issues
figurative language
semantics, naming, topic maitenance
-abstract thinking, semantic relationships, ambiguities, metaphors
discourse, planning, though org., sequencing, logical problem solving, reasoning
-impulsivity, inhibition, insight, awkwardness
-social cues, inferences, abstract language
deficits
visual-spatial neglect, memory/learning, recognition
neurology of attention:
attention is : the human mind’s ability to ? within certain ?
select among competing stimuli
capacity limitations
Neurology of memory:
memory is the process of ?
memory is critical to ? and language? higher? and effective ?
storage of info, consolidations and later retrieval
conceptual knowledge dev., acquisition, reasoning abilities, decision making
Neurology of exec functions:
play a critical role in ? and assist in .. as the situation demands
PFC: functions include ?
integration of information from connections to other ? leads to development of ?
goal directed and purposeful behavior / planning, org., initiating, and adapting effectively
self-awareness, planning, problem solving, organizing
cognitive domains/ goal-oriented behavior
All neurons are developed by the end of?
at birth lots of ? then throughout toddlerhood and early childood these connections?
synaptic pruning: process by which extra brain cells and neural connections are ? while others are ?
begins at ? and moves to ?
what is last areas to be pruned
2nd trimester
neural connections/ break away so brain can become specialized
eliminated/ strengthened to increase efficiency of remaining connections
back of brain/ front
prefrontal cortex
Environmental input and brain development:
brain needs certain input at ?
studies show activity dependent changes in the brain, particularly?
environmental input affects
-
-
-
impoverished environments can impair ?
cases of ?
particular times in order to develop certain abilities
size and number of neural connections
dendritic sprouting
synapses/connectivity
were smarter and better problem solvers
heavier brains - more white matter/synapses
young rats brain
-abuse and neglect
Relocating functions:
brain can re-allot cortical real estate to needed?
this ability evident since birth through the process of ?
synaptic pruning allows us to break synapses for ? to then form more connections for ?
the brain is constantly ?
if no input to an area an adjacent function will ?
-neurons aren’t only for ?
they take whatever input they are ?
visual cortex in blind people processes input from their ?
recent findings show that neural circuitry may reorganize itself by forming new ?
skills
synaptic pruning and synaptogenesis
irrelevant processes to then form more processes through synaptogenesis
remodeling itself throughout life
move in and take over the neurons in the area
-processing vision, or only for processing language
-given and keep working
-fingers when they read braille
synapses that compensate for injury
Neuroplasticity: The brains ability to to change as a response to ?
this is the cornerstone for ?
many speech therapy treatments are based on the idea that the brain can form ? and restore ?
stimuli
therapy and rehabilitation
new connections/ restore lost functions
Neuroplasticity is the essence of ALL
important for clients to understand these ?
RICC
rehabilitation
principles
repetition, intensity, consistency, context
Principles of neuroplasticity:
1. use it or lose it
-neurons that do not activate on regular basis begin to
- use it and ?
-training particular activity leads to - specificity of learning
the type input dictates the parts of - repetition is
-neuroplasticity requires lots of - intensity ?
-how much over how much time is ? make it more difficult to
degrade
improve it
-improvement
brain being activated
good
-repetition
matters
-essential component for the brain/encourage brain to work more
- timing ?
-neuroplasticity changes occur at ?
greater plasticity in the earlier stages but plasticity still occurs at the ? - salience ?
skills training must be important for
age ?
-neuroplasticity is faster and easier for ? however still occurs for ?
transference /generalization is ?
one type of training can enhance
interference is ?
one type of experience or a learned error can interefere with
matters
-deferent critical periods
-later stages
matters
client
matters
-younger brains / in aging
possible
-similar skills
possible
-learning new behaviors
Importance of using WHO-ICF
departure from impairment based models that explores the interactions of
helps us break away from seeing the client through the lense of ? and focus on ?
holistic approach that focuses on clients overall ?
encourages clinicians to seek ?
life-changing variables and health
impairment and focusing on functional therapeutic outcomes
wellbeing and quality of life by looking at impairment through client’s life context
interdisciplinary approaches to enhance rehabilitative process
