Module 2 Flashcards
Attention is the human mind’s ability to select among ? and within certain ?
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competing stimuli and within certain capacity limitations
single entity
-networks
-processes
-forms
Initial Observations on Attention:
attention is always defined in relation to a stimulus which could be:
ex..
in..
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attention is closely connected to other processes such as :
external (originating from environment)
internal (originating from within individual)
visual
auditory
tactile
other
language, memory, exec function
Central Principles of Attention:
attention is taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts
what are of its essence
it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with ? and is a condition which has a real opposite in the ?
focalization , concentration
others/ confused, dazed, scatterbrained state
Capacity limitation and selection:
attention is a ? resource
attention involves selection of ?
there are both .. factors
limited capacity
relevant stimuli
external and internal factors
Theories and models of attention:
general models for attentional mechanisms:
the cocktail party problem:
spotlight theory: an object in one area of visual field receives ?
object formation: in order to attend to people/things we must first use the ?
3 additional theories from this work
enhanced processing
sensory information available to use to form perceptual objects
Cocktail Party problem:
the challenge to attending to a target talker in a complex acoustic environment: this task:
requires
is made more difficult if irrelevant sounds consist of ?
may cause confusion for the listener even when the target talker is?
selective auditory attention
other intelligible talkers
fully audible
3 theories from cocktail problem:
Early filter theory: irrelevant stimuli are ?
filter attenuation model: irrelevant stimuli are ?
late filter theory: selection of target stimuli occurs
filtered out early on
attenuated but still monitored
later
General Models for capacity limitations:
resource allocation theory: we flexibly allocate resources fro a single cognitive pool ?
central bottleneck model: resource must be sequentially -
of resources to various tasks
simultaneously - allocated to various tasks
Models for types of attention:
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Sohlberg and Mateers model
sustained attention (attending to a single set of stimuli for period of time)
exec. control of attention: including working memory, sleective attention, suppression and alternating attention
Attention subsystems:
Alerting
orienting:
..
…driven
..
..
..
executive control:
.. to …
task set ?
voluntary, goal directed
stimulus driven
disengaging
shifting
engaging
moment to moment
task set maitenance
Sustained attention: ability to maintain attention during
executive control:
selective: selectively process information while ?
alternating: shift focus between?
-… flexibility
suppression: ability to control ?
working memory: ability to ?
continuous and repetitive activities
inhibiting responses to nontarget information
tasks, stimuli or response sets
mental flexibility
impulsive responding
hold and manipulate information in mind
Clinical implication of deficits in attention:
debate over attention continues regarding two theories
Is attention a capacity limited system?
-performance on a task will suffer if there are not ?
-performance on a task will suffer if attention to a task is ?
is attention a cognitive bottleneck:
there is agreement among researchers regarding the ?
enough attentional resources
allotted in an insufficient or inappropriate manner
multidimensional aspects of attention
Basic functions of attention:
sustained attention: waiting for your number to be
selective/focused attention: studying for exam while someone nearby i s
divided attention: taking notes while
attention switching: shifting attentional focus back and forth from?
called at deli line
talking o phone
listening to lecture
one task to another
Sohlberg and Mateer model:
sustained attention: attending to set of stimuli for a period of ?
executive control of attention:
working memory: holding and ?
selective attention: focusing on stimuli while filtering out ?
suppression: controlling an ?
alternating attention: shifting focus from
time
manipulating info in your mind
competing stimuli
impulse of impulsive response
one task to another
Neural Bases of Attention:
a diffuse network that supports primarily ?
right hemisphere network that mediates attention allocation to ?
-the right frontal lobe seems to be more dominant for ?
the left prefrontal cortex provides a principal role in ?
anterior structures of the right hemisphere contribute to ? including
the right posterior parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures are essential components of
posterior parietal:
pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus:
superior colliculus:
this is why attentional skills are negatively impacted by ?
more basic attention
focal spatial stimuli
-sustained attention
-attention-switching functions
-complex spatial attention abilities including scanning and selection
right hemisphere attention network
-designating attention
-sustained and alternating attention
alternating visual attention
right hemisphere stroke
Frontal Lobe: other cortical structures
premotor cortex: attention, .. and .. of movements
anterior cingulate cortex:
affect, .. attention,… and.. interactions
sandwhiched between?
is part of the … system and has connectiosn to the ? and?
there appears to be a filter and focus cognitive and emotional process:
anterior parts ?
posterior parts: ..memory, managing.. and emotional ?
works together with DPFC to integrate:
responsible for:
.. attention
.. and spontaneous thought
..behaviors
conflict? and ?
shifting, coordination, movement
selective attention, empathy, and social interactions
corpus callosuma nd frontal and parietal lobes
limbic system and connections to prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
filter out info - cog. control, detecting errors, and problem solving
detect info - autobiographical memory, managing risky behavior, and emotional processing
cogntiive behavioral functions and emotional autonomic motor network s
body directed attention
conceptualization and spontaneous thought
motivated behaviors
monitoring and error detection
Assessment of attention: considerations
the modality being tested
attention may or may not eb ?
attention related to ?
must consider impairment specific needs and challenges when:
determining what typeof attention you want to
taking pt current?
construct ? and ecological ? of specific measures
how to separate assesment of possible ? from known ?:
.. of eval. ?
stable over time
effort
assess
current abilities into account
validity
attention deficits /memory function/language skills of pt
purpose/goal
Impairment specific attention: TBI
a heterogenous ? however attention impairments common at ?
in this pop. it may be difficult to separate attention from?
importance of assessing how attention impairments manifest during ?
specificity of impairments drive ?
mild deficits may have the most ?
fatigue significantly impacts ?
pop. / all levels of severity for TBI
overall slowed processing
ADLs and other everyday tasks
assessment selections and therapy goals
-negative functional impact on cognition
attention
Impairment specific attention: aphasia
although aphasia is a language impairment, many patients with aphasia also show?
patients with aphasia may have diff. allocating attention to ? or maintaining
visual attention in aphasia may impact use of ?
the relationship between attention and language in this pop. is not ?
attention may not be ?
any attention testing and tx should be selected or designed with?
new tx’s incorporating both language and attention components are ?
attention impairments
-diff. tasks/ consistent attention over time
-AAC
fully understood
-main concern
-pt’s language abilities in mind
emerging
Impairment specific attention: dementia
attention deficits are not a diagnostic criterion for most ? however deficits are present even at?
deficits in attention vary depending on?
in any type of dementia attention may become an issue in later stages and .. important to provide strategies
types of dementia / early stages
type of dementia (LEWY BODY - fluctuations in attention are typical)
caregiver training is important to provide strategies
Impairment specific attention: right hemisphere CVA
Deficits in attention is the most commonly ?
all aspects of attention are ?
identification of specific deficits attention help to ?
.. syndrome
.. is prominent?
impaired cog ability
neg. impacted
drive interventions
negelct syndrome
hemi spatial neglect prominent
Visual Fields:
both eyes ca see the majority of the ?
R eye gets vis. info from ?
L eye from ?
each eye misses the ?
full visual field
L visual field and own periphery
R visual field and own periphery
opposite visual field
Hemianopsia:
a portion or the ensure side of the ? is limited
the training of compensations targets body and head movements to ? in the left visual field. Obtaining results from this vital visual tests results from ?
visual field is limited
register stimuli in left visual field/ occupational therapist guide SLPs in providing tx
Assessment of attention: formal assessment
test of ?
-involves eight subtests assessing ?
… high?
limited
Attention…
highly structured assessment of types of attention identified in the?
brief test of ?
involves ?
good .. but also taps into ?
symbol digit ?
involves
is mostly ? but involves ?
everyday attention
-different types of visual and auditory attention
theory based, construct validity
ecological validity
processing training test
-identified in original model
attention
-listening for and counting letters/numbers
construct validity/ language comprehension and working memory
modalities test
-matching symbols to digits
nonverbal/ visual scanning abilities
Assessment of Attention: formal continued
conners continuous performance test:
originally designed for use in ?
involves responding to ?
test of everyday attention:
has multiple subtests that assess ?
can be difficult to differentiate the types of attention which can result in ?
children but can be used with adults
everything except speficied target
subtests that assess specific types of attention
conflicting interpretations of results
Assessment of attention: assessment tasks:
digit span:
very?
also taps into ?
may be difficult for ?
paced auditory serial addition test
involves?
sensitive to ?
widely used
immediate verbal memory
individuals with language deficits
holding digits in working memory and addign them together
mild deficits in TBI patients
Assessment of Attention: rating scales
depending on clinical context, attention may need to be able to be assessed ?
this is not the same as a ? but considering attention in the context of other skills may be of value if a full eval is not possible
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briefly/ or informally through observation or use of general cog. tests
-comprehensive eval
also be used/ ecological validity than decontextualized patient/compelted tasks
-moss attention rating scale
-rating scale of attentional behavior
treatment of attention: EBP
there are several approaches to tx of attention in pop. with cog-comm impairments
direct training: use of ?
examples include:
training in specific skills: training attention in context of
providing ? to help a patient attend to ?
environmental modifications, self-management ? and external ?
example
decontextualized tasks to train attention in specific context
-computer or app based task
attention processing training : tasks such as listening for target words in presented string
everyday activities / scaffolding/ attend to morning routine
startegies/ aids to help compensate for attention deficit
-watch that beeps every hour to remind patient to check schedule
