Module 2 Flashcards
Attention is the human mind’s ability to select among ? and within certain ?
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competing stimuli and within certain capacity limitations
single entity
-networks
-processes
-forms
Initial Observations on Attention:
attention is always defined in relation to a stimulus which could be:
ex..
in..
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attention is closely connected to other processes such as :
external (originating from environment)
internal (originating from within individual)
visual
auditory
tactile
other
language, memory, exec function
Central Principles of Attention:
attention is taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts
what are of its essence
it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with ? and is a condition which has a real opposite in the ?
focalization , concentration
others/ confused, dazed, scatterbrained state
Capacity limitation and selection:
attention is a ? resource
attention involves selection of ?
there are both .. factors
limited capacity
relevant stimuli
external and internal factors
Theories and models of attention:
general models for attentional mechanisms:
the cocktail party problem:
spotlight theory: an object in one area of visual field receives ?
object formation: in order to attend to people/things we must first use the ?
3 additional theories from this work
enhanced processing
sensory information available to use to form perceptual objects
Cocktail Party problem:
the challenge to attending to a target talker in a complex acoustic environment: this task:
requires
is made more difficult if irrelevant sounds consist of ?
may cause confusion for the listener even when the target talker is?
selective auditory attention
other intelligible talkers
fully audible
3 theories from cocktail problem:
Early filter theory: irrelevant stimuli are ?
filter attenuation model: irrelevant stimuli are ?
late filter theory: selection of target stimuli occurs
filtered out early on
attenuated but still monitored
later
General Models for capacity limitations:
resource allocation theory: we flexibly allocate resources fro a single cognitive pool ?
central bottleneck model: resource must be sequentially -
of resources to various tasks
simultaneously - allocated to various tasks
Models for types of attention:
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Sohlberg and Mateers model
sustained attention (attending to a single set of stimuli for period of time)
exec. control of attention: including working memory, sleective attention, suppression and alternating attention
Attention subsystems:
Alerting
orienting:
..
…driven
..
..
..
executive control:
.. to …
task set ?
voluntary, goal directed
stimulus driven
disengaging
shifting
engaging
moment to moment
task set maitenance
Sustained attention: ability to maintain attention during
executive control:
selective: selectively process information while ?
alternating: shift focus between?
-… flexibility
suppression: ability to control ?
working memory: ability to ?
continuous and repetitive activities
inhibiting responses to nontarget information
tasks, stimuli or response sets
mental flexibility
impulsive responding
hold and manipulate information in mind
Clinical implication of deficits in attention:
debate over attention continues regarding two theories
Is attention a capacity limited system?
-performance on a task will suffer if there are not ?
-performance on a task will suffer if attention to a task is ?
is attention a cognitive bottleneck:
there is agreement among researchers regarding the ?
enough attentional resources
allotted in an insufficient or inappropriate manner
multidimensional aspects of attention
Basic functions of attention:
sustained attention: waiting for your number to be
selective/focused attention: studying for exam while someone nearby i s
divided attention: taking notes while
attention switching: shifting attentional focus back and forth from?
called at deli line
talking o phone
listening to lecture
one task to another
Sohlberg and Mateer model:
sustained attention: attending to set of stimuli for a period of ?
executive control of attention:
working memory: holding and ?
selective attention: focusing on stimuli while filtering out ?
suppression: controlling an ?
alternating attention: shifting focus from
time
manipulating info in your mind
competing stimuli
impulse of impulsive response
one task to another
Neural Bases of Attention:
a diffuse network that supports primarily ?
right hemisphere network that mediates attention allocation to ?
-the right frontal lobe seems to be more dominant for ?
the left prefrontal cortex provides a principal role in ?
anterior structures of the right hemisphere contribute to ? including
the right posterior parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and subcortical structures are essential components of
posterior parietal:
pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus:
superior colliculus:
this is why attentional skills are negatively impacted by ?
more basic attention
focal spatial stimuli
-sustained attention
-attention-switching functions
-complex spatial attention abilities including scanning and selection
right hemisphere attention network
-designating attention
-sustained and alternating attention
alternating visual attention
right hemisphere stroke
