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EMRG 1130 > Module 25- GU Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 25- GU Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the urinary system?

A
  • keep track of electrolytes, water content, and acids of the blood
  • removes metabolic wastes, drug metabolites, and excess fluids
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2
Q

What is part of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • filter 200 L of blood each day
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3
Q

What is a renal disorder?

A
  • kidney disease
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4
Q

On an average how many Canadians are told their kidneys have failed?

A
  • an avg of 15
  • Each year there is a 7% increase in the number of people diagnosed with kidney disease
  • 43,200 are being treated for kidney failure
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5
Q

What does kidney disease also contribute to?

A
  • risk of cardiovascular disease
  • hypertension
  • other chronic diseases
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6
Q

What do our kidneys do?

A
  • filter blood and produce urine
  • bean-shaped
  • found in the retroperitoneal space
  • Aid electrolyte balance
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7
Q

What is the hilum of the kidneys?

A
  • Cleft formed on the medial side of the kidney
  • Where ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave kidney
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8
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A
  • stores urine until is released
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9
Q

What do ureters do?

A
  • transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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10
Q

What does the urethra do?

A
  • transports urine from the bladder out of the body
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11
Q

What is the renal fascia? What does the renal fascia do?

A
  • layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
  • anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall
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12
Q

What is the internal anatomy of the kidney?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Renal pelvis
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13
Q

Cortex

A

Light colored, outer region closest to the capsule

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14
Q

Medulla

A
  • Middle layer
  • Includes the cone-shaped renal pyramids, and renal columns
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15
Q

Renal pyramids

A
  • Flat, funnel shaped tube that fills the sinus at the level of the hilum
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16
Q

What is the calyces?

A
  • Branch off the pelvis and connect with the renal pyramids to receive urine draining from the collecting tubules
17
Q

Approximately how much of the body’s systemic cardiac output of blood flows through the kidneys each min?

A

-approx one-fourth

18
Q

How does blood flow from the abdominal aorta into the kidney?

A
  • By the way of the renal artery

Branches into the:
- Afferent arteriole, then into
- Glomerulus- (main filter for the blood) then enters
- Efferent arteriole, branches into
- Peritubular capillaries (tubular reabsorption occurs)

19
Q

What is unique to the kidney?

A
  • The secondary set of capillaries is unique to the kidney
  • No other organ in the body has two distinct capillary beds
  • The capillaries merge to form venules and veins
  • Until the rebel vein leaves the hilum
  • Carrying cleansed blood to the inferior vena cava
20
Q

Where are nephrons found?

A
  • In the cortex
21
Q

What are the nephrons?

A
  • Structural and functional units of the kidney
22
Q

What are nephrons composed of?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Each kidney contains approximately 1.25 million nephrons

23
Q

What is the glomerular capsule?

A
  • Double-layered cup
    • Podocytes
    • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
24
Q

What are podocytes?

A
  • Wrap around the capillaries forming filtration slits
  • Filtrate passes through, and into the capsule
  • Inhibits large proteins from entering
25
Q

What is the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A
  • Amount of filtrate produced
  • Maintained at a relatively constant rate of 125 ml/hr
  • Changes in the GFR cause many of the renal emergencies
26
Q

What occurs at the Loop of Henle?

A

This where additional resorption of water and electrolytes occur

27
Q

What are the 2 sections of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • Descending limb (permeable to water but impermeable to sodium and chloride)
    Ascending limb (impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride)
28
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • Site where the efferent arteriole comes in contact with the DCT
  • Sensitive to pressure changes
  • Release renin with changes in blood pressure
29
Q

What two hormones control the final adjustment to the composition of urine?

A
  • Antidiuretic (ADH): produced by hypothalamus, stored in pituitary
  • Aldosterone- produced by adrenal glands
30
Q

When is ADH released?

A
  • When solute concentration of blood increases due to sweating or decreased fluid intake
  • Increases permeability to water
  • Water leaves DCT and collecting ducts and re enters the bloodstream
31
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • increases the rate of active resorption sodium and chloride into the blood
32
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Chemical that increase urinary output, work in a variety of ways

  • A substance that is not reabsorbed from the filtrate will increase the amount of water retained in the urine
  • alcohol encourages diuresis by inhibiting the production of ADH
  • Caffeine and common diuretic medications such as Lasix inhibit the sodium importers in the DCT and collecting ducts
33
Q

Where is the bladder?

A

Most of the bladder sits anterior abdominal cavity
- Dome of the bladder sits posterior or retroperitoneum

34
Q

What does the bladder do when empty?

A
  • The bladder collapses and the muscular walls fold over onto themselves
  • When urine accumulated the bladder becomes pear shaped
  • Stretching of the bladder produces the micturition reflex
35
Q

What is micturition reflex?

A
  • Stretching of the bladder wall stimulates nerve impulses
  • Spinal reflex that causes contraction of the bladder’s smooth muscles, which in turn produces the urge to void as pressure is exerted
36
Q

What is the female urethra?

A
  • Exits at the site of the external genitalia
  • 4 cm long on average
37
Q

What is the male urethra?

A
  • 20 cm long
    Divided into three regions:
  • Prostatic- from bladder to prostate
  • Membranous- prostate to penis
  • Penile- through penis to external urethral opening

EMRG 1130 (13 decks)

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