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EMRG 1130 > Module 16- Musculoskeletal Injuries > Flashcards

Module 16- Musculoskeletal Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

What are some patterns and mechanisms of musculoskeletal injuries?

A
  • Blunt and penetrating
  • MVC
  • Falls
  • Athletic injuries
  • Pathologic fracture
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2
Q

What mechanism of injury is common in adult’s and children?

A

In adults and children MVC’s, falls and athletic injuries are common causes

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3
Q

What mechanism of injury is common in infants and children?

A

Among infants and children, intentional trauma or maltreatment is a common cause of fractures and musculoskeletal injuries

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4
Q

What is direct force?

A
  • An object that strikes a person will transfer its energy to its point of impact
  • Energy is first absorbed by soft tissues
  • When amount of force is so great that the tissues can’t dissipate it a fracture occurs
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5
Q

What is indirect force?

A
  • Force is applied to one area of the body but causes injury to another area
  • Force travels through skeleton until at some point it reaches an area that is structurally weak in comparison

Ex. Hip fracture may occur when a person’s knee strike the dashboard
EX. Person falling on an outstretched hand may have one or more injuries as the result of forces transmitted proximally from the point of impact

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6
Q

Twisting injury

A
  • Football or skiing
  • Distal end of limb remains fixed, while torsion develops in the proximal section of limb
  • Spiral fractures, sprains, dislocation
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7
Q

Fatigue fractures

A
  • Also called March fractures
  • Repetitive stress
  • Occurs in feet after prolonged walking
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8
Q

Pathological fractures

A
  • A force that might not generally cause harm to a normal healthy bone produces a fracture
  • A medical condition causes the bone to become weak
  • Elderly patients with osteoporosis
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9
Q

If you find Scapular fractures, look for…

A
  • Rib fractures, pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax
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10
Q

If you find Scaphoid fractures, look for…

A
  • Wrist, elbow, or shoulder fracture
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11
Q

If you find pelvic fractures, look for…

A
  • Lumbosacral spine and other long bone fractures, intra-abdominal or genitourinary injury
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12
Q

If you find hip dislocation, look for…

A
  • Fracture of the acetabulum or femoral head
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13
Q

If you find femoral fractures, look for…

A
  • Dislocation of ipsilateral hip
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14
Q

If you find patellar fractures, look for…

A
  • Fracture-dislocation of ipsilateral hip
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15
Q

If you find knee dislocation, look for…

A
  • Tibial fracture; distal pulse may be absent
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16
Q

If you find calcaneal fracture, look for…

A
  • Fracture of the ankle, leg, hip, pelvis, spine, and the other calcaneus
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17
Q

What is a fracture?

A
  • A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone
  • Fractures may be classified based on the type of displacement
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18
Q

Angulation of a bone means what?

A

Angulation means that each end of the bone is not aligned in a straight line and an angle has formed between them

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19
Q

What is a open fracture?

A
  • Opened fracture (compound) occurs when there is a break in the skin
  • Higher risk of infection and blood loss
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20
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A
  • Closed fracture occurs when the skin remains intact
  • Sometimes have obvious deformity
21
Q

Greenstick

A

incomplete fracture

22
Q

Spiral

A

encircles the bone

23
Q

Comminuted

A

2 fracture fragments located in same area

24
Q

Transverse

A

straight across the bone

25
Q

S/S of a Fracture

A
  • Pain- hearing the snap
  • Tenderness
  • Deformity- the most reliable sign of a fracture. Compare to other limb
  • Shortening- broken ends override each other. (femur)
  • Swelling- bleeding and accumulation of fluid
  • guarding/ loss of use
  • Crepitus- incidental finding
  • Exposed bone ends
26
Q

What is a dislocation?

A
  • A bone is totally displaced from joint
    • Joint capsule and supporting ligaments are usually damaged
    • Muscle spasms lock dislocated bones in place.
  • The major risk is the potential for distal neurovascular compromise
27
Q

S/S of a dislocations

A
  • Feeling of pressure over the joint
  • Pain
  • Obvious and significant deformity
  • Decrease in range of motion (“Frozen” in place)
  • Possibly compromised distal PMS

Dislocations themselves are not life threatening but failure to recognize and treat them, may lead to permanent disability

28
Q

What is subluxation?

A
  • Partial joint dislocation
  • Associated with joint capsule and ligament damage
  • May be able to move the joint to some degree
29
Q

What is diastasis?

A
  • Occurs when significant damage is done to ligaments that hold bones together
  • Causes a space between the bones
  • Example would be injury to the pubic symphysis
30
Q

What are sprains?

A
  • Occur when ligaments are stretched or torn
  • Sprains result from sudden twisting or overextension at a joint
  • Characterized by pain, swelling, discoloration, and unwillingness to use the limb
  • Common in knee and ankle
  • Do not involve deformity, and joint mobility is usually limited by pain (ask if they physically can’t move or it’s limited by the pain)
31
Q

What is the treatment of sprains?

A

Treat like a fracture, including:
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
- Reduced weight bearing
- Pain management

32
Q

What are strains?

A
  • Occur when there is an injury to a muscle and/or tendon
  • Result from violent muscle contraction, excessive stretching, or repeated overuse
  • Characterized by minor swelling and pain, increased with movement
  • Basically a pulled muscle
33
Q

What is achilles tendon rupture?

A
  • Usually occurs in athletes older than 30 years involved instop-and-start sports
  • Pain from heel to calf and inability for plantar flexion
  • Can be identified by Thompson test
34
Q

What is the management of achilles tendon rupture?

A
  • Management includes RICE and pain relief
    • Surgery and 6 month recovery time
35
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of a joint

36
Q

What are the three common types?

A
  1. Osteoarthritis
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis
  3. Gout
37
Q

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

A
  • Disease of the joint that occurs as they age and begin to wear
  • Characterized by pain and stiffness
38
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A
  • Systemic inflammatory disease that affects joints and other body systems
  • Significant bone erosion at affected joints
39
Q

What is Gout?

A

Body has difficulty eliminating uric acid, crystallizes within the joint

40
Q

What injuries may signify fractures?

A
  • Amputations
  • Lacerations
41
Q

What is devascularization?

A
  • Loss of blood supply
  • Occurs when blood vessels are damaged following a musculoskeletal injury
  • May result from vascular contusions, lacerations, bending/ kinking, pseudoaneurysms, and thromboses (occluded with a clot)
  • Very important to assess and reassess pulses, control bleeding, and maintain adequate intravascular volume. Ie. frequent pulse checks
42
Q

What is the general principles of assessment and managment?

A
  • Don’t be distracted by grotesque injuries!
  • Complete an initial assessment before focusing on the extremities.
    • A fracture can wait, the airway cannot.
43
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a pelvic fracture?

A

1500-3000 mls

44
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a femur fracture?

A

1000-1500 mls

45
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a humerus fracture?

A

250-500 mls

46
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a tibia or fibula fracture?

A

250-500 mls

47
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a ankle fracture?

A

250-500 mls

48
Q

What is the possible blood supply loss of a elbow fracture?

A

250-500 mls

EMRG 1130 (13 decks)

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