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EMRG 1130 > Module 18- Spinal Patho > Flashcards

Module 18- Spinal Patho Flashcards

1
Q

The spine

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • Stabilized by ligaments and muscles
  • Support and protect neural components; allow for fluid movement and erect stature
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2
Q

Identified by location as…

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral, or coccyx
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3
Q

What are the components of the vertebrae?

A
  • Lamina
  • Pedicles
  • Spinous processes
  • Each vertebrae is unique in appearance but they share basic structural characteristics (except for C1 and C2, the atlas and axis)
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4
Q

What does each pedicle contain?

A
  • Each pedicle contains a notch forming the intervertebral foramen
  • This space allows exit of the peripheral nerve roots and spinal vein, and entrance of the spinal artery bilaterally
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5
Q

Transverse spinous process

A
  • The junction of the pedicle and lamina bilaterally
  • The posterior spinous process is a fusion of the posterior lamina where muscles and ligaments attach
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6
Q

Cervical Spine

A
  • The cervical spine includes the first seven bones
  • Supports the weight of the head and permits a high degree of mobility
  • The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) allow for rotational movement of the skull
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7
Q

Thoracic Spine

A
  • 12 vertebrae
  • The thoracic spine is supported by ribs, muscles, and ligaments
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8
Q

Lumbar Spine

A
  • Five largest bones of the column
  • Integral in carrying a large portion of body weight
  • Susceptible to injury
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9
Q

Sacral Spine

A
  • five fused bones, forms the posterior pelvis
  • Coccyx made up of 3-5 fused bones
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10
Q

Each vertebra is separated and cushioned by what?

A

Intervertebral discs

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11
Q

What do intervertebral discs do?

A
  • Limit bone wear and act as shock absorbers
  • Lose water content and become thinner with age
  • Discs can herniate into the spinal cord
  • Herniated discs result in pressure on the nerve rot or spinal cord
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12
Q

Body flexion and extension is allowed by what?

A
  • Allowed by muscles, tendons, and ligaments without stressing the spinal cord
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13
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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14
Q

Brain & Meninges

A
  • Located in the cranial cavity and is the largest component of the CNS
  • Brain contains billions of neurons
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15
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Medulla, pons, and midbrain
  • Brain stem connects to spinal cord
  • 10 of 12 cranial nerves exit here
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16
Q

Entire CNS enclosed by 3 membranes, called what?

A
  • Meninges
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17
Q

Outer layer

A
  • Dura mater (tough & fibrous)
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18
Q

Middle layer

A
  • Arachnoid mater (contains blood vessels that have the appearance of spider web)
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19
Q

Inner layer

A
  • Pia mater (rests directly on the brain or spinal cord)
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20
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord
  • This cushion of fluid protects the CNS
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21
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A
  • Transmits nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
  • Exits the skull through a large opening called the foramen magnum
  • Extend from base of skull to L2
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22
Q

At L2, where does the spinal cord branch?

A
  • Spinal cord branches into the cauda equina, a separate collection of individual nerve roots (also known as the “horse’s tail”)
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerve named according to the level of origin
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23
Q

What does the spinal cord look like?

A
  • A cross-section of spinal cord shows inner gray matter and outer white matter
  • Gray matter: butterfly-shaped central core
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24
Q

What are the neural cell bodies divided into?

A
  • Posterior (dorsal) horn: sensory input
  • Anterior (ventral) horn: motor input
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25
Q

White matter

A
  • Three columns of myelinated ascending and descending fiber pathway
  • Messages are relayed to and from brain along these spinal tracts
26
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry info to brain

27
Q

Descending tract

A

carry info away from the brain

28
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tracts (ascending)

A

Carry sensation of crude touch and pressure sensation to the brain

29
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tracts (ascending)

A

Carry pain and tempature

30
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts (ascending)

A

Coordinate impulses necessary for muscular movements by carrying impulses from muscles in the legs and trunk to the cerebellum

31
Q

Corticospinal tracts (descending)

A

Voluntary motor commands

32
Q

Reticulospinal tracts (descending)

A

Muscle tone and sweat glands activity

33
Q

Rubrospinal tracts (descending)
Posterior Spinal Tracts

A

Muscle tone

34
Q

Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

A

Proprioception vibration, light touch, deep pressure, two-point discrimination, and stereognosis

35
Q

How many cervical nerves?

A

8

36
Q

8 cervical nerves

A

perform functions in the scalp, neck, shoulders, and arms

37
Q

How many thoracic nerves?

A

12

38
Q

12 thoracic nerves

A

the upper nerves supply the muscles of the chest to assist in coughing and breathing; the lower nerves supply the sympathetic nervous system and the abdominal muscles

39
Q

How many lumbar nerves?

A

5

40
Q

5 lumbar nerves

A

supply hip flexors and leg muscles, and provide sensation to anterior legs

41
Q

How many sacral nerves?

A

5

42
Q

5 sacral nerves

A

supply bowel and bladder control, sexual function, and sensation to posterior legs and rectum

43
Q

How many coccygeal nerve?

A

1

44
Q

Cervical plexus (C1-C5) includes what nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5), which innervates the diaphragm
- Any injury above C4 breathe no more

45
Q

Brachial plexus (C5-T1)

A

nerves controlling the upper extremities (axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar

46
Q

Lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

A

nerves of the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall, external genitalia, and lower limbs

47
Q

Sacral plexus (L4-S4)

A

includes the pudendal and sciatic nerves supplying the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

48
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A
  • The somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
49
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Made up of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and motor nerve fibers that send information to skeletal muscle
  • Control voluntary movements of your body and to help you feel through all your senses
50
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system subdivided into?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
51
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
  • Governs our fight or flight response
  • Information is transmitted through the brainstem and the cervical spinal cord
  • Exits at the thoracic and lumbar levels to reach target structures
52
Q

The thoracolumbar system provides what?

A
  • Sympathetic stimulation to the periphery through alpha and beta receptors
53
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Induce smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels and bronchioles

54
Q

Beta receptors

A

Respond with relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels and bronchioles, has effects on myocardial

55
Q

Chronotopic

A

controls HR

56
Q

Inotropic

A

Controls force of contraction

57
Q

Dromotropic

A

controls conduction speed at AV node

58
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Sweating
  • Pupil dilation
  • Temperature regulation
  • Shunting blood from the periphery to the core
    • Fight or flight responses
  • An SCI at T6 or below may disrupt the flow of sympathetic communication
59
Q

What can disruption of SNS communication cause?

A
  • Disruption of homeostasis, leaving the body unable to cope with environmental changes
  • Autonomic dysreflexia due to sympathetic overdrive (sympathetic stimulation without parasympathetic input)
  • Causes life threatening hypertension
60
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Carries signals from the brain stem and upper spinal cord to the organs (abdomen, heart, lungs) and skin above the waist
  • Includes fibers arises from brain stem and upper spinal cord
61
Q

Vagus Nerve

A
  • Travels outside the medulla to the heart via the carotid arteries, thus vagus tone remain intact following a spinal injury
  • Vagus nerve controls HR and when stimulated can slow HR. Vaso vagal response
62
Q

What do the parasympathetic nerves supply?

A
  • They supply the reproductive organs, pelvis, and legs
  • They begin at the sacral level (S2-S4)

EMRG 1130 (13 decks)

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