Module 24 Terms - The Cell Cycle Flashcards
Asexual reproduction
The reproduction of organisms in which an offspring inherits its DNA from a single parent
Mitosis
In cell division, when eukaryotic cells divide their nucleus
Cytokinesis
In cell division, when the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells; when the cytoplasm is divided
Chromosomes
Cellular structures that consist of a single DNA molecule with associated proteins
Cell cycle
The period from the production of a new cell to the time it divides
M phase
During this phase, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
One of the two major phases which contains mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase
The time between two successive M phases where the cell prepares for division.
One of the two major phases which contains the G1, S, and G2 phases
S phase
The phase between the G1 and G2 phases. During this phase, DNA molecules are copied
Sister chromatids
The two identical copies of DNA formed during S phase; the individual chromosomes which are produced when the centromere splits
Centromere
The region of a chromosome that holds together the sister chromatids and to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
G1 phase
Between the end of M phase and the start of S phase in which the cell prepares for DNA synthesis
G2 phase
Between the end of S phase and the start of M phase in which the cell prepares for M phase by increasing its size and protein content
What order do the phases happen in?
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase
G0 phase
A cellular state where the cell cycle is paused and there are no preparations being made for DNA synthesis.
Examples of cells in G0 phase are liver cells (temporarily) and nerve cells (permanently)
Chromatin
A highly organized complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins present in interphase; the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed.
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, characterized by the appearance of visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle
A group of fibers made up of microtubules
Centrosome
The organelle used in mitosis from which mitotic spindles radiate outwards from
Prometaphase
The second stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle attaches to the chromosomes
Kinetochores
A protein complex associated with one of the two sister chromatids that acts as the site of attachment for a single mitotic spindle
Metaphase
The third stage of mitosis where chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the dividing cell
Anaphase
The fourth stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and the mitotic spindles pull each separated sister chromatid to its respective side of the cell
Telophase
The fifth stage of mitosis where the cell prepares for division. The mitotic spindle breaks down and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, forming two new nuclei
What is the difference in how prokaryotes and eukaryotes divide?
Prokaryotes divide through binary fission. Eukaryotes divide through mitotic cell division
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What is the role of cyclin-CDK complexes?
These complexes help control progression through the cell cycle at key steps. When a CDK is activated, they phosphorylate target proteins, promoting cell division
