module 23 studying & encoding memories Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
encode
the process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning
store
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
retrieve
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
parallel processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short term memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.
explicit (declarative) memories
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.)
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.
implicit (non-declarative) memories
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
