Module 2 Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

filter waste products from
the bloodstream & convert the filtrate
into urine

Question 2

What are the ureter functions?

Answer 2

transport urine from kidney

to bladder via peristalsis

Question 3

Function of the urinary bladder?

Answer 3

storage of urine

Question 4

What is the function of the urethra?

Answer 4

transports urine from

bladder to outside of the body

Question 5

Label where the kidneys are

Answer 5

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Question 6

What are the kidney’s function?

Answer 6

Regulation of blood volume & pressure
(kidneys)
➢ Regulation of erythrocyte production
(kidneys) via erythropoietin
➢ Regulation of the blood’s inorganic ion
balance –sodium, potassium and
phosphate ions (kidneys)
➢ Acid-base balance through changes in
the rates of hydrogen ion and
ammonium secretion (kidneys)

Question 7

Label where the kidneys are!

Answer 7

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Question 8

Are kidneys attached to any ligaments?

Answer 8

Kidneys are NOT attached to any ligaments, instead they are mainly held in a position by their adipose capsule (soft tissue cushion)

Question 9

What is the kidney? (organ wise)

Answer 9

The kidneys are a retroperitoneal organ which is behind the pariteal peritoneum

Question 10

What is the renal fascia?

Answer 10

dense irregular
tissue; anchors the kidney to
surrounding tissues

Question 11

What is the adipose capsule?

Answer 11

adipose capsule: fat with
adipose tissue: cushioning
and insulation

Question 12

What is the renal capsule

Answer 12

renal capsule: dense connective
tissue: maintains kidney shape;
protects from pathogens

Question 13

Label the kidneys ( how can you tell right from left)

Answer 13

Anterior and posterior orientation of vein/artery/ureter: VAU

Question 14

Calices function

Answer 14

The renal calyces and pelvis function, in part, as reservoirs for urine received from the collecting tubules. They also conduct urine to the upper ureter.

Question 15

What does the renal sinus contain?

Answer 15

▪ The renal sinus contains minor/major calices, renal pelvis, renal fat, blood vessels
▪ The access to the renal sinus is the renal hilum

Question 16

label the blood supply of the kidneys

Answer 16

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Question 17

What are the arteries of the kidney?

Answer 17

1) Renal artery
2) Segmental artery
3) Interlobar artery
4) Arcuate artery
5) Interlobular artery

Question 18

What are the arteries of the kidney?

Answer 18

1) Renal artery
2) Segmental artery
3) Interlobar artery
4) Arcuate artery
5) Interlobular artery

Question 19

What are nephrons?

Answer 19

the kidneys are made up of filtering units called nephrons, The renal corpuscle is composed of a capillary network called the glomerulus.
• Glomerulus is surrounded by the glomerular capsule (Bowman capsule).
• Produces a filtrate of blood

Question 20

Label the nephrons

Answer 20

the parts of the renal corpucsle

Question 21

What does the loop of henle do? & Label

Answer 21

The loop henle- absorption of ions and water

Question 22

What does bowman’s capsule do?

Answer 22

Bowman’s capsule is involved in filtration then efferent arteriole

Question 23

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

Answer 23

it reabsorbs ions, nutrients, plasma, proteins, vitamins and water, filtrate is now called tubular fluid

Question 24

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

Answer 24

Secrets ions into the tubular

fluid and reabsorbs water

Question 25

What is the collecting duct used for?

Answer 25

for urine

Question 26

label the ureter

Answer 26

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Question 27

Where is the ureter and what is it's purpose?

Answer 27

``` 25-30cm long fibromuscular tubes •Extend from renal pelvis » exit the hilum of the kidney •Paired •Retroperitoneal •Transport urine via peristaltic action of smooth muscle ```

Question 28

What are the three layers of the ureters?

Answer 28

mucosa: transitional epithelium stretchy to the passage of urine • bundles of primarily smooth muscle fibers surround the mucosa and help propel urine to the outside of the body Muscularis: 2 smooth muscle layers: inner longitudinal & outer circular • peristaltic waves to propel the urine Adventina: areolar connective tissue which anchors the ureter to the posterior part of abdominal cavity

Question 29

What is the urinary bladder and what is its function?

Answer 29

The urinary bladder is an expandable, muscular reservoir for urine • Retroperitoneal • Receives blood by branches of the internal iliac arteries • It is shaped like an upside-down pyramid when empty; when full, it is distended superiorly and oval-shaped

Question 30

What is the trigone and what's its function?

Answer 30

``` Is a posteroinferior triangular area of the urinary bladder wall between the two posterior ureteral openings and the anterior urethral opening/internal urethral orifice. It functions as a funnel to direct urine into the urethra as the bladder wall contracts to evacuate the stored urine ```

Question 31

What are the parasympathetic axons in urination (micturtion)

Answer 31

``` The parasympathetic axons • come from the micturition reflex center located in spinal cord segments S2–S4 • stimulate urination ```

Question 32

What are the sympathetic axons in urination (micturtion

Answer 32

The sympathetic axons • come from the T11–L2 segments of the spinal cord • inhibit micturition

Question 33

Male urethra? what are the three sections?

Answer 33

``` 18-20cm long common passageway for both urine and semen • Prostatic urethra – ~3cm long – Extends through prostate gland where multiple small prostatic ducts enter it • Membranous urethra – Shortest portion (<1cm) from inferior prostate gland through urogenital diaphragm • Spongy urethra – ~15 cm in erectile tissue in the penis called corpus spongiosum – Extends to the external urethral orifice ```

Question 34

Label the male urethra

Answer 34

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Question 35

what does the internal urethral sphincter do?

Answer 35

``` Internal urethral sphincter prevents the simultaneous passage of sperm and urine through the male urethra ```

Question 36

What is the female urethra, please label

Answer 36

3-5cm long and only transmits urine from bladder to vestibule, an external space immediately internal to the labia minora

Question 37

Label the female urethra

Answer 37

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