Module 1 Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- breathing
- gas exchange
- acid balance
- filters and protects the respiratory surfaces from pathogens and dehydration
- vocalisation
- olfaction
Label the upper respiratory tract
Label the Nasal Cavity
Label the Nasal Septum
Where is the Pharynx located?
originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly hear the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus- the walls are lined with the muscosa and contains skeletal muscle (swallowing) and the movement of food
What are the three regions of the pharynx and label them
1) Nasopharynx, 2)Oropharyx and 3) Laryngopharynx
What is the Larynx and its function?
The Larynx = voice box, it is a cartilaginous structure that connects to the pharynx to the trachea, the superior (vestibular) ligaments & vestibular folds: false vocal chords. The inferior (vocal ligaments:vocal folds) are the true vocal chords
Label the larynx
–
Label the Larynx’s cartilages
What is the function of the corniculate cartilage?
The corniculate cartilage provides attachment for vestibular ligament
What is the function of the artenoid cartilage?
The arytenoid cartilage provides attachment for vocal ligament
What is the trachea?
The trachea is a flexible slightly rigid tube in the mediastinum, it runs from the end of the larynx C6 to T4/T5. It bifurcated into primary bronchi
What is the trachea’s funciton?
The trachea’s function include filter, warm and humidity air, it contains 15-20 U-line shaped hyaline cartilages and trachealis muscles posteriorly
What connects cartilage rings?
annular ligaments connect cartilage rings
Label the bronchi structure
Order of Bronchioles
Hyaline cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (keep open) –> terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts and alveoli
What occurs when we breathe?
From the lungs, oxygen is transported to body cells through the cardiovascular system, cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. THe blood then transports the CO2 from the cells to the lungs, the CO2 is then expelled during inhalation
What occurs in alveolar pressure changes in inspiration?
beginning of inspiration: the contraction of muscles and increase of thoracic volume –> expansion of lungs and increase alveolar volume –> decrease in alveolar volume pressure below barometric air pressure –> air flows into the lungs
End of inspiration: the alveoli and thorax stop expanding, the air for into the lungs causes PB =Palv then no more movement of air occurs
What occurs in alveolar pressure changes in expiration?
At the beginning of expiration, there is a decrease of thoracic volume, a decrease in alveolar volume and increase in the alveolar pressure above the barometic air pressure (Palv> PB), then the air flows out of lungs until Palv=PB. End of expiration where PB=Palv and there is no more movement of air in the lungs
What is pulmonary ventilation and Boyle’s law
It is the pressure of the gase decrease if the volume of the container increase vice versa. By increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure and air flow to the lungs. The thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, relative to the outside atmospheric pressure - air is forced out
What are the pleura and pleural activities
Pleural layers are continous at the hilum of each lung. The visceral pleura: the layers that adheres to the tissue of the lungs –> insensitive to pain. The parietal pleura is the layer that lines the walls of the thoracic cage –> sensitive to pain innervated by somatic nerves . ^^ the 2 pleura cavities are seprted from each other.
What are the lobes and fissures?
Both lungs are conical with concave bases resting on the diaphragm and blunt apex near the clavicle –> the lung is divided into lobes by fissures
How many lobes and fissures does the left lung have?
The left lung has 1 fissure and 2 lobes- the upper and lower by the oblique fissure
How many lobes and fissures does the right lung have?
The right lung has two fissures, the oblique fissures and horizontal fissure which is separated into three lobes: the upper, middle and lower - each lobe has a visceral pleural covering
Label the different lobes and fissures
What is pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary circulation: conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
What does bronchial circulation?
Component of systemic circulation. It consists of the tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs
Where does bronchial circulation occur?
Bronchial arteries branch from the anterior walls of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial three –> the larger bronchial veins collect venous blood and drain it into the azygous and hemiazygous systems of veins
What is Eupnea?
Eupnea is quite breathing at rest, can be diaphragmatic/costal. Diaphragmatic breathing = deep breathing. Diaphragmatic contraction expands the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive in the diaphragm.
What is costal breathing?
shallow breathing, external intercostal muscles contract, elevate the ribs and enlarge thoracic cavity, exhalation is passive - muscles relax
What is Hypereupnea?
It is fast-forced breathing.
Inspiration: accessory muscles: assist external intercostal muscles to elevate the ribs and enlarge the thorax.
–> scalene muscles (elevate 1st and 2nd ribs)
–> serratus anterior and posterior
–>pectoralis minor and major are involved
–> sternocleodomastoid
What is Hypereupnea? expiration
at very vigorous breathing: Exhalation –> abdominal muscles compress abdominal contents and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity. involves internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis and restus abdominus.
How does the thorax move?
The throax moves llike the bucket handle
How do the ribs move?
Ribs move like the handle of a pump
Define sypatheic innervation
to the lungs from the sympthetic chain, the main function of the sympathetic innervation is to open up and dilate the bronchioles
define parasympathetic innervation
to the lungs is from the left and right vagus nerves (CNX). The main function of the parasym. innervation is to decrease the airway diameter of bronchioles
