Module 1 Lecture 5

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• breathing
• gas exchange
• acid balance
• filters and protects the respiratory surfaces from pathogens and dehydration
• vocalisation
• olfaction

Question 2

Label the upper respiratory tract

Question 3

Label the Nasal Cavity

Question 4

Label the Nasal Septum

Question 5

Where is the Pharynx located?

Answer 5

originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly hear the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus- the walls are lined with the muscosa and contains skeletal muscle (swallowing) and the movement of food

Question 6

What are the three regions of the pharynx and label them

Answer 6

1) Nasopharynx, 2)Oropharyx and 3) Laryngopharynx

Question 7

What is the Larynx and its function?

Answer 7

The Larynx = voice box, it is a cartilaginous structure that connects to the pharynx to the trachea, the superior (vestibular) ligaments & vestibular folds: false vocal chords. The inferior (vocal ligaments:vocal folds) are the true vocal chords

Question 8

Label the larynx

Answer 8

–

Question 9

Label the Larynx’s cartilages

Question 10

What is the function of the corniculate cartilage?

Answer 10

The corniculate cartilage provides attachment for vestibular ligament

Question 11

What is the function of the artenoid cartilage?

Answer 11

The arytenoid cartilage provides attachment for vocal ligament

Question 12

What is the trachea?

Answer 12

The trachea is a flexible slightly rigid tube in the mediastinum, it runs from the end of the larynx C6 to T4/T5. It bifurcated into primary bronchi

Question 13

What is the trachea’s funciton?

Answer 13

The trachea’s function include filter, warm and humidity air, it contains 15-20 U-line shaped hyaline cartilages and trachealis muscles posteriorly

Question 14

What connects cartilage rings?

Answer 14

annular ligaments connect cartilage rings

Question 15

Label the bronchi structure

Question 16

Order of Bronchioles

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle (keep open) –> terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 17

What occurs when we breathe?

Answer 17

From the lungs, oxygen is transported to body cells through the cardiovascular system, cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. THe blood then transports the CO2 from the cells to the lungs, the CO2 is then expelled during inhalation

Question 18

What occurs in alveolar pressure changes in inspiration?

Answer 18

beginning of inspiration: the contraction of muscles and increase of thoracic volume –> expansion of lungs and increase alveolar volume –> decrease in alveolar volume pressure below barometric air pressure –> air flows into the lungs
End of inspiration: the alveoli and thorax stop expanding, the air for into the lungs causes PB =Palv then no more movement of air occurs

Question 19

What occurs in alveolar pressure changes in expiration?

Answer 19

At the beginning of expiration, there is a decrease of thoracic volume, a decrease in alveolar volume and increase in the alveolar pressure above the barometic air pressure (Palv> PB), then the air flows out of lungs until Palv=PB. End of expiration where PB=Palv and there is no more movement of air in the lungs

Question 20

What is pulmonary ventilation and Boyle’s law

Answer 20

It is the pressure of the gase decrease if the volume of the container increase vice versa. By increasing volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation decreases, the intrapulmonary pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure and air flow to the lungs. The thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, relative to the outside atmospheric pressure - air is forced out

Question 21

What are the pleura and pleural activities

Answer 21

Pleural layers are continous at the hilum of each lung. The visceral pleura: the layers that adheres to the tissue of the lungs –> insensitive to pain. The parietal pleura is the layer that lines the walls of the thoracic cage –> sensitive to pain innervated by somatic nerves . ^^ the 2 pleura cavities are seprted from each other.

Question 22

What are the lobes and fissures?

Answer 22

Both lungs are conical with concave bases resting on the diaphragm and blunt apex near the clavicle –> the lung is divided into lobes by fissures

Question 23

How many lobes and fissures does the left lung have?

Answer 23

The left lung has 1 fissure and 2 lobes- the upper and lower by the oblique fissure

Question 24

How many lobes and fissures does the right lung have?

Answer 24

The right lung has two fissures, the oblique fissures and horizontal fissure which is separated into three lobes: the upper, middle and lower - each lobe has a visceral pleural covering

Question 25

Label the different lobes and fissures

Question 26

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 26

Pulmonary circulation: conducts blood from the heart to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Question 27

What does bronchial circulation?

Answer 27

Component of systemic circulation. It consists of the tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs

Question 28

Where does bronchial circulation occur?

Answer 28

Bronchial arteries branch from the anterior walls of the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial three –> the larger bronchial veins collect venous blood and drain it into the azygous and hemiazygous systems of veins

Question 29

What is Eupnea?

Answer 29

Eupnea is quite breathing at rest, can be diaphragmatic/costal. Diaphragmatic breathing = deep breathing. Diaphragmatic contraction expands the thoracic cavity. Exhalation is passive in the diaphragm.

Question 30

What is costal breathing?

Answer 30

shallow breathing, external intercostal muscles contract, elevate the ribs and enlarge thoracic cavity, exhalation is passive - muscles relax

Question 31

What is Hypereupnea?

Answer 31

It is fast-forced breathing.
Inspiration: accessory muscles: assist external intercostal muscles to elevate the ribs and enlarge the thorax.
–> scalene muscles (elevate 1st and 2nd ribs)
–> serratus anterior and posterior
–>pectoralis minor and major are involved
–> sternocleodomastoid

Question 32

What is Hypereupnea? expiration

Answer 32

at very vigorous breathing: Exhalation –> abdominal muscles compress abdominal contents and reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity. involves internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis and restus abdominus.

Question 33

How does the thorax move?

Answer 33

The throax moves llike the bucket handle

Question 34

How do the ribs move?

Answer 34

Ribs move like the handle of a pump

Question 35

Define sypatheic innervation

Answer 35

to the lungs from the sympthetic chain, the main function of the sympathetic innervation is to open up and dilate the bronchioles

Question 36

define parasympathetic innervation

Answer 36

to the lungs is from the left and right vagus nerves (CNX). The main function of the parasym. innervation is to decrease the airway diameter of bronchioles