Module 2 Lecture 2 Part 2 Flashcards
What happens in the process of digestions?
Digestion breaks down ingested food into chemical building blocks (monomers) which are now small enough to be absorbed across the small intestine wall
What does the mechanism of digestion involve? (LABEL)
Mechanism of digestion involves enzymatic breakdown Mechanisms of absorption involve materials passing through enterocytes (via passive or active transport)
What do humans use for growth, maintenance and repair?
humans use food for growth, maintenance and repair,
What are macronutrients?
nutrients which are requires in large amounts i.e. carbs, proteins and lipids
What are micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals, nutrients that your body requires in small amounts
How is energy measured?
Energy is measured in kilojoules, kJ
Energy measured for nutrients (INFO)
Carbohydrates (excl. unavailable carbohydrates) = 17 kJ per gram
Proteins = 17 kJ per gram
Lipids = 37 kJ per gram
Alcohol = 29 kJ per gram
What do carbs account for?
Carbohydrates account for 45-50% of our total energy intake. Sugars: monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) & disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) – Polysaccharides (starch, non-starch)
What does amylase act on?
Amylase acts on polysaccharies and disaccharides
What is the amylase source?
Amylase source include salivary glands and exocrine pancreas
What is the site of action of amylase?
mouth stomach –> small intestine lumen
What do disaccharides act on?
Disaccharidases act on disaccharides (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
Source of disaccharides
small intestine cells
Site of action for dissacharides?
Small intestine apical brush border
What must occur in polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides must be digested into monosaccharides before they can be absorbed
Steps?
1) Amylase digests polysaccharides into disaccharides 2) Disaccharidases digest disaccharides into monosaccharides 3) Monosaccharides are transported across the apical brush border membrane (secondary active transport or facilitated diffusion) 4) Monosaccharides exit across basolateral membrane (facilitated diffusion) & enter capillary via intercellular pores
What about carbs makes it different?
Indigestible carbohydrates (fibre) cannot be absorbed but help to move food along the GI tract & feed bacteria in our large intestine
What do proteins account for?
Proteins account for 15-20% of our total energy intake – Dietary proteins – Enzyme proteins secreted into GI tract – Sloughed & disintegrated intestinal cells
What acts on proteins?
Pepsin acts on proteins from stomach
What acts on protein fragements
Pancreatic proteases act on protein fragments from the exocrine pancreas in the small intestine lumen
What acts on also acts on protein fragements?
Aminopeptidases
act on protein
fragments from the small intestine cells, in the small intestine apical brush border
What must happen to proteins?
Proteins must be digested into small peptides or amino acids before they can be absorbed
Protein digestion and absorption process?
1) Pancreatic proteases digest proteins and protein
fragments into smaller peptides and amino acids
2) Aminopeptidases digest protein fragments into
amino acids
3) Amino acids are transported across the apical
brush border membrane (secondary active
transport)
4) Amino acids exit across basolateral membrane
(facilitated diffusion) & enter capillary via
intercellular pores
What does fat digestion account for?
Fats account for ~30% of our total energy intake – Triglycerides – Sterols – Short-chain fatty acids
What acts of large fat globules
Bile salts (not an enzyme) emulsify large fat globules from the liver in the small intestine lumen
What acts on triglycerides?
Lipase acts on
triglycerides from the exocrine pancreas and in the small intestine lumen
What occurs in emulsification?
n. Bile salts break down large fat globules into smaller fat
droplets, increasing surface area for lipase enzymes
What occurs in digestion?
Pancreatic lipases break down triglycerides into monoglycerides
and free fatty acids
What occurs in micelle formation?
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides join bile salts
forming micelles
What occurs in diffusion
Fatty acids and monoglycerides transported from micelles into
small intestine cells (diffusion)
What occurs in chylomicron formation?
Fatty acids and monoglycerides packaged back into
triglycerides and incorporated into a lipid transporter called chylomicron
What occurs in chylomicron transport?
Chylomicrons exit across basolateral membrane
(exocytosis) and enter lacteals (lymph) and empty into venous blood
What are vitamins and where are they absorbed?
Absorbed in small intestine
– Large intestine absorbs some B vitamins & vitamin K produced by gut bacteria
– Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) dissolve in dietary fat & become incorporated
into micelles
– Water soluble vitamins (B’s & C) absorbed via active or passive transporters
(except B12 with a more complex process)
What are minerals and how are they absorbed?
– Absorbed actively along small intestine, although iron & calcium mainly
absorbed in duodenum & amount absorbed depends on needs
how is water absorbed?
Major component of chyme & 95% absorbed by osmosis in small intestine.
Remaining amount absorbed in large intestine & ~100 ml/day softens faeces
