Module 1

Question 1

What are the three functions of a cardiovascular system/blood?

Answer 1

1) Transport, 2) Homeostasis and 3) Protection

Question 2

How does cardiovascular system a transport system?

Answer 2

Oxygen and nutrients to cells transport wastes including carbon dioxide and transports hormones (endocrine)

Question 3

How does the cardiovascular system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 3

the change in body temperature causes the redistribution of blood, change pH levels in the blood and interstitial fluid (blood can exchange ions) and lastly control blood volume and pressure.

Question 4

How does the cardiovascular system protect the body?

Answer 4

the cardiovascular system has white blood cells to fight infections with an immune response

Question 5

What are the three major structures of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 5

1) Blood, 2) Heart, 3) Blood vessels

Question 6

what is blood?

Answer 6

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is transported through the cardiovascular system.

Question 7

What is the heart?

Answer 7

it is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout blood vessels to different parts of the body

Question 8

What are the different types of blood vessels?

Answer 8

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products between blood and tissue (in the middle)
Vein: pumps blood towards the heart

Question 9

What does the right atrium recieve?

Answer 9

The right artrium recieves deoxygenated blood

Question 10

What does the left atrium recieve?

Answer 10

The left atrium recieves oxygenated blood

Question 11

What is the mediastium?

Answer 11

The mediastium is where the heart is found - in the mediastium of the thorax - which is posterior to the lower half of the sternum offset to the left

Question 12

What is the pericardium?

Answer 12

The pericardium is the protective fibrous sack which surrounds the heart

Question 13

What are the functions of the pericardium?

Answer 13

The functions of the pericardium include maintaining the heart position and prevent the heart from overfilling

Question 14

What are the 4 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 14

1) outer fibrous pericardium (loose connective tissue)
2) inner serous pericardium (fluid producing)
3) Parietal layer of serous pericardium (outer layer)
4) visceral layer of serous pericardium (the pericardial cavity is between the 2 serous layers) –> fluid –> good for lubrication

Question 15

Base?

Answer 15

Flat floor (Aorta)

Question 16

Apex?

Answer 16

Left inferior (pointy)

Question 17

What do atriums do?

Answer 17

Atriums recieve blood

Question 18

What do ventricles do?

Answer 18

pumping chambers

Question 19

Draw a diagram of where deoxygenated blood goes to oxygenated blood?

Question 20

Lable the diagram of te heart anterior and posterior

Question 21

What is the epicardium?

Answer 21

the outer layer (the visceral pericardium), simple squmous epithelium + connective tissue + adipose layer

Question 22

What is the myocardium?

Answer 22

it’s the cardiac muscle layer (majority of heart wall)

Question 23

What is the endocardium?

Answer 23

inner layer, simple sqanous epithelium, smooth layer to minimise friction

Question 24

What are intercalated disks?

Answer 24

Intercalated discs are sepcialised cell to cell attachment sites permitting cadiac cells to work together -> resulting in simultaneous contraction - no regeneration

Question 25

Label the different atriums and ventricles

Answer 25

----

Question 26

What are the differences between the left and right ventricle?

Answer 26

the righe ventricle pumps low pressurepulmonary circuit (thinner lumen) and left ventricle pumps for high pressure systemic circuit (thicker lumen)

Question 27

What does it mean must be by unidirectional flow?

Answer 27

The blood must flow through each circuit before returning to the heart

Question 28

What are the 2 valves that prevent backflow?

Answer 28

Atrioventricular valves: prevent backflow from ventricles and atria - right "tricuspid" (3 liflets) and the left "bicuspid/mitral" (2 liftlets) The semilunar valves: to ensure no backflow into the left ventricle --> prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles

Question 29

What do papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do?

Answer 29

ventricular contraction produces some backflow of blood towards atria - causes the cusps to close. Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent cusps from everting

Question 30

What happens in ventricular systole?

Answer 30

It is where ventricles contract, the atrioventicular valves close (bi and tricuspid) and semilunar valves open

Question 31

What happens in ventricular diastole?

Answer 31

It is where ventricles relax, the atrioventricular valves open and the semilunar valves close to prevent backflow

Question 32

What causes the heart sounds that we associate with a heartbeat?

Answer 32

Heart sounds are caused by the closing of valves in the heart. The first heart sound “lubb” is caused by ventricular contraction forcing the AV valves to shut - the blood is hitting the AV valves. Then, as all chambers are in diastole, blood flows backwards in the aorta and pulmonary trunk causing the semilunar valves to close, and thus causing the second heart sound “dubb”- where the blood is hitting the semilunar valves

Question 33

Label the key elements of the cardiac conduction system

Answer 33

----`

Question 34

Heart rate?

Answer 34

Heartbeats per minute

Question 35

Sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

Increases heart rate

Question 36

Parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 36

The Vagus nerve decreases HR

Question 37

Explain why the atria and ventricles do not contract simultaneously.

Answer 37

If this occurred, blood would simply backflow from the ventricle into the atria as the AV value would be open, which is not effective. The atria contracts with innervation from the SA node first, filling the ventricle. The AV valve closes so that when the ventricle contracts via the AV node, all blood flows into the pulmonary artery/aorta and not back into the atria

Question 38

What occurs in circulation before birth?

Answer 38

semi O2 blood returns in the inferior vena cava, the deoxygenated blood returns in the superior vena cava (it by passes the pulmonary circuit). It detours via the oval foramen and developing interatrial septum from L to R atrium -->by passes lungs and goes to the ductus arteriosis between pulmonary trunk and descending aorta.

Question 39

What occurs in the circulation after birth?

Answer 39

cessation of placental blood flow, the beginning of respiration decrease pressure from the lung, Ductus arteriosus closes and the foramen oval closes