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BSNC 4000 > Module 2 - Epidemiology > Flashcards

Module 2 - Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T Cells
B Cells

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2
Q

Types of Immunity (5)

A

Innate
Adaptive
Passive
Active
Acquired

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3
Q

Types of antibodies

A

M = first to be produced, not as effective. agglutination.
A = found in seromucosal secretions (breast milk), respiratory tract
G = most effective. agglutination, neutralization, complement enhancement. cross placenta
E = involved in allergic reactions –> increase histamine rls
D

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4
Q

IgG

A

most abundant in human blood
can cross placenta
most versatile

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5
Q

IgM

A

first one to be produced
diagnostic marker

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6
Q

IgA

A

can be passed into breast milk
found in mucous tracts –> respiratory, GI, GU
helps trap pathogens in mucus

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7
Q

IgE

A

least abundant in body
anti-parasitic defenses
binds to basophils/mast cells (immune-mediated allergy?)

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8
Q

IgD

A

located on surface of B-cells
not secreted

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9
Q

Types of T-cells

A

helper
regulatory
cytotoxic

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10
Q

Types of T-helper cells

A

Specific to a protein antigen

TH1
TH2

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11
Q

Which cells do TH1 cells activate?

A

macrophages
cytotoxic T-cells
NK cells

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12
Q

Which cells do TH2 cells activate?

A

B-cells do for protein antigens.
promote class-switching –> switch antibody production
*Th dependent immunity

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13
Q

Which protein binds to helper/regulatory T-cells

A

CD4

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14
Q

Which protein binds to cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

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15
Q

MHC I

A

found on all nucleated body cells (except RBCs)
present ‘self-antigen’s & pathogens.
can be found on APCs d/t cross presentation

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16
Q

MHC II

A

found on antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

Primary immune response

A

when body is first exposed to a pathogen
takes longer, less antibody production (mostly IgM)
body develops antibodies ~10 days

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18
Q

Secondary immune response

A

memory cells result in faster and stronger immune response. higher number of IgG antibodies

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19
Q

Types of vaccines (6)

A

live attenuated
inactivated
subunit
conjugate (protein + polysaccharide)
toxoid
DNA/RNA

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20
Q

Independent antigens

A

carbohydrates
lipids
stimulate B-cells w/o TH2 cells but only result in IgM antibodies. no memory cells.
not immunogenic <2 years old

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21
Q

Dependent antigens

A

proteins linked to polysaccharide
stimulate T-helper cells whic results in a more robust immune response & production of IgG antibodies

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22
Q

Types of immune defenses

A

physical
chemical
mechanical
cellular
molecular

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23
Q

Types of molecular defenses

A

cytokines
chemokines
complement proteins

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24
Q

Vaccine efficacy

A

how effective vaccine works in clinical setting

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25
Q

Vaccine effectiveness

A

how effective vaccine works in real world setting

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26
Q

Levels of injury prevention

A

primary = prepathogenesis
secondary = early pathogenesis
tertiary = middle/late pathogenesis

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27
Q

Phagocytes

A

neutrophils
macrophages
monocytes
dendritic cells

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28
Q

What 2 cells does a monocyte differentiate into

A

macrophage
dendritic cell

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29
Q

What are APC’s

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B-cells

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30
Q

VDJ recombination

A

process in different gene segments are spliced together resulting in different antigen receptors on lymphocytes

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31
Q

Class switching

A

process in which plasma cells switch antibody production (i.e. IgM –> IgG)

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32
Q

Types of immunoprophylaxis

A

vaccines
immunoglobulins

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33
Q

Types of vaccines

A

live attenuated
inactive
subunit
recombinant
DNA/RNA

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34
Q

Extracellular immunity

A

antibodies (humoral)

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35
Q

Intracellular immunity

A

cytotoxic T-cells

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36
Q

Antigen

A

molecule recognized by active lymphocytes/antibodies based on 3D structures (epitopes)

37
Q

Immunogen

A

specific antigens that can stimulate the adaptive immune system

38
Q

Immunogen characteristics

A

proteins
carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
large with repeating epitopes
foreign molecules

39
Q

Adjuvants

A

substances added to vaccines to enhance immune response

40
Q

Common adjuvants

A

aluminum salt
emulsions (squalene)
microbial derivatives
cells/cytokines
thimerosal (preservative)
formaldehyde (kill bacteria)

41
Q

Types of surveillance

A

Passive
Active
Rumor
Syndromic

42
Q

Passive surveillance

A

routine reporting
reportable diseases
government registries
hospital data

43
Q

Active surveillance

A

outbreak investigation
serosurveillance
health survey
IMPACT

44
Q

Rumor surveillance

A

news
social media
phone

45
Q

Syndromic surveillance

A

monitor medicine purchase, work absenteeism –> symptoms suggesting disease outbreak
early detection
public information

46
Q

IMPACT

A

Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program Active

47
Q

AEFI

A

adverse events following immunization but may not be CAUSED by immunization

48
Q

Anaphylaxis skin

A

hives
swelling
itching
redness
warm
*d/t histamine rls

49
Q

Anaphylaxis respiratory

A

throat swelling –> wheezing/stridor
SOB
coughing
chest pain/tightness
trouble swallowing
nasal congestion

50
Q

Anaphylaxis GI

A

N/V
stomach pain
cramps
diarrhea

51
Q

Anaphylaxis cardiovascular

A

dizziness/lightheadedness (d/t decreased cerebral perfusoin)
pale/blue color
weak pulse
fainitng
shock
reduced LOC
*histamine –> widespread vasodilation –> reduced BP

52
Q

Anaphylaxis neurological

A

fainting
anxiety
impeding doom

53
Q

Anaphylaxis other

A

uterine cramps

54
Q

ASK approach

A

A = acknowledge concern
S = steer conversation
K = provide knowledge

55
Q

Serological screening

A

screen for antibodies –> indicate immunity/ previous exposure
false positives/negatives
may not be actionable/beneficial

56
Q

Sensitivity

A

ability of test to detect if someone is positive for x

57
Q

Specificty

A

ability of test to detect if someone is negative for x

58
Q

Positive predictive value

A

ability of test to correctly identify positive cases

59
Q

T-cell dependent immunity

A

Protein antigens
Cytotoxic t cells & b cells responding to protein

60
Q

T-cell independent immunity

A

Polysaccharides
B-cells do not require t-helper cells but do not produce memory cells

61
Q

Microbial antigens

A

virus
bacteria
funghi
protozoa
parasites

62
Q

Non-microbial antigens

A

plant pollen
poison ivy
resin
insect venom
organ transplant

63
Q

Molecular antigen

A

proteins (primary)
polysaccharide

64
Q

T-cell independent response

A

plasma cells mainly produce IgM antibodies

65
Q

T-cell dependent response

A

plasma cells mainly produce IgG antibodies

66
Q

T-cell activation

A

1) TCR binds with antigen epitope on the MHCII/MHCI complex
2) CD4/CD8 bind to ANOTHER site on the MHC complex –> activation

67
Q

TCR

A

T-cell receptor

68
Q

Types of helper T-cells

A

TH1
TH2
TH17

**determined by cytokines released by APC

69
Q

How do helper T-cells activate other immune cells?

A

release of cytokines

70
Q

Benefits of live vaccines

A

more comprehensive immune response –> cellular/humoral immunity

71
Q

How are live vaccines produced

A

1) genetic manipulation
2) long-term culturing in an unnatural host –> reduce affinity, promote mutations

72
Q

How are inactivated vaccines made

A

whole pathogens that have been killed/inactivated using heat, chemicals, radiation

73
Q

What are subunit vaccines

A

key antigens of a pathogen are isolated

74
Q

How are subunit vaccines made

A

1) chemical degradation
2) genetic engineering

75
Q

Conjugate vaccine

A

protein + capsule polysaccharide
T-cell independent immunity –> antibodies that opsonize capsule of pathogens

76
Q

Toxoid vaccine

A

inactivated bacterial toxins –> humoral immunity

77
Q

Immune responses by time

A

ubiquitous 0-4 hrs
induced 4 hrs-4 days
adaptive 10-14 days

78
Q

Immune responses by type

A

first line –> prevent microbes from entering
second line –> target microbes entering tissue
third line –> lymphocytes

79
Q

Types of acquired immunity

A

vaccinations
immunoglobulins
breast milk
placenta antibodies

80
Q

Antigen definition

A

anything that can be recognized by lymphocytes/antibodies

81
Q

Immunogen definition

A

specific antigens that induce an immune response

82
Q

What molecule is most immunogenic?

A

proteins

83
Q

Recombinant pathogen

A

yeasts/plants engineered to make pathogen protein

84
Q

Phase I clinical trial

A

30-50 people

85
Q

Phase II clinical trial

A

200-400 people

86
Q

Phase III clinical trial

A

3000+ people

87
Q

Canadian pediatric society recomendations

A

1) do not dismiss vaccine refuses
2) presumptive approach > participatory approach
3) simple, clear language
4) address fear of pain/distress head on
5) reinforce community protection is insufficient

88
Q

Herd immunity

A

disease control by vaccinating majority of population to prevent spread of disease. important to protect people who cannot get vaccinated/immunocompromised

BSNC 4000 (9 decks)

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