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HADM 208 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The development of disease

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3
Q

Infective disease

A

A pathogen capable of entering, multiplying, and surviving in a susceptible host

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4
Q

Virulence

A

The severity of the disease; extent of pathogenicity

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5
Q

Invasiveness

A

The ability of a pathogen to enter and grow in a susceptible host

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6
Q

Communicability

A

Ability to be spread

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7
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of disease

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Caused by a microbial agent

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9
Q

Communicable disease

A

Infectious disease who is agent is transmissible from an infected person, animal, or in inanimate source to a susceptible host

**not all infectious diseases are communicable

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10
Q

Disease categories

A

Acute: severe, short, treatable, recovery or death
Subacute: intermediate in duration and severity, may result in recovery
Chronic: less severe, long duration, may not result in recovery

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11
Q

Infectious agents

A 
Viruses 
Bacteria 
Prions 
Metazoa 
Protozoa 
Fungus 
Rickettsia
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12
Q

Examples of environmental factors

A 
Temperature 
Humidity
Altitude
Radiation
Food/drink
Neighborhood
Housing
Pollution
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13
Q

Examples of host factors

A 
Age
Race/ethnicity 
Sex
Genetics
Lifestyle (diet/exercise)
Smoking
Immune status/vaccination
Previous illness
Occupation 
Comorbidities
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14
Q

Examples of bacterial agents

A 
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus
Group A Strep
Legionella 
Salmonella 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
Listeria
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15
Q

Viruses

A 
Infectious agent that requires host for replication
Examples:
Influenza
Hepatitis 
Varicella 
Measles
Mumps
Most vaccine preventable disease
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16
Q

Fungal diseases (mycoses)

A

Opportunistic, infect immunocompromised patients
Examples:
Candida
Aspergillus

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17
Q

Prions

A

Abnormal infectious proteins
Examples:
-Animals: mad cow, scrapie
-Humans: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru
*Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
**Prions are highly resistant to traditional sterilization methods

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18
Q

Host factors

A

The degree and severity of infection depends on the host’s ability to fight the infectious agent

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19
Q

Host

A

A person or animal in which an infectious agent lives

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20
Q

Defense mechanisms (of the host)

A

Nonspecific: skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, the immune system

Disease specific: immunity against an agent

  • Active: immunization or prior infection
  • passive: maternal antibodies, Immunoglobulin
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21
Q

Environment

A

The domain external to the host in which the infectious agent may exist, survive, or originate

  • affects the survival of the agent
  • brings the agent and the host into contact
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22
Q

The chain of infection

A 
Infectious agent
Reservoir 
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
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23
Q

Reservoir

A

Where an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

24
Q

Vector

A

Living nonhuman carrier of disease

Ex: mosquito

25
Q

Fomite

A

Articles that transmit infection

Ex: doorknob

26
Q

Carrier

A

A person who spreads an infectious agent

  • Harbors organism
  • Not infected
27
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct: contact kissing, sexual activity, in utero, via breastmilk, airborne droplets, droplet nuclei

Indirect:

  • animate: human carrier
  • animate: insect or animal vector
  • inanimate: free living organisms and the environment, water, sewage, dust, fomite, etc.
28
Q

Portals of entry

A 
Conjunctiva of eye
Mouth
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Reproductive tract 
Urinary tract 
Cardiovascular system
Skin breaks
Percutaneous (trauma, injection)
Transplacental
Organ transplants
29
Q

Communicable disease categories

A 
Food-borne
Arthropod-borne
Mycoses
Emerging
Vaccine preventable 
Zoonotic
Waterborne
30
Q

Food-borne diseases

A

Significant issue for institutional/residential health care settings
Ex: E. coli, salmonella, Norovirus, listeria

31
Q

Waterborne diseases

A

Contaminated water delivery systems have potential for disease transmission

Ex: legionella

32
Q

Arthropod-borne diseases

A

Blood-feeding arthropod (insect) vectors transmit disease agents to vertebrate hosts
Vector examples: mosquitoes, tics, flies
Disease examples: malaria, encephalitis

33
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

Can be spread from vertebrate animals to humans under natural conditions
Ex: West Nile virus, avian influenza, rabies

HC management implications:

  • pet therapy
  • pest exposures
  • lab exposures
34
Q

Emerging infections

A

Increasing rapidly in incidence and geographic scope
Mechanisms:
1. Existing pathogen gains access to new host populations
2. New pathogen or subtypes
3. Environmental changes may contribute to emergence (ex: travel, climate change)

35
Q

Incubation period

A

The time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and development of signs and symptoms

*Useful for determining the etiologic agent

36
Q

Colonization

A

Agents multiply on the surface of the body without invoking tissue or immune response

37
Q

Infestation

A

The presence of a living infectious agent on the bodies exterior surface on which a local reaction may occur

38
Q

Infection

A

Agents have invaded host defenses invoking tissue and immune response

39
Q

Stages of infection

A

Incubatory: (sub clinical) before signs and symptoms
Prodrome: later part of incubation period was symptoms appear but are nonspecific
Acute: signs and symptoms obvious
Resolution: symptoms improve
Convalescent: signs and symptoms disappear

40
Q

Inapparent infection

A

No symptoms
Can still be transmitted to a susceptible host
Clinicians look for serologic evidence of infection

Types:
Preclinical disease
Subclinical disease
Latent 
Persistent (chronic) disease
41
Q

Iceberg concept of infection

A

Active clinical disease accounts for only a small proportion of hosts infections and exposures to disease agents

42
Q

Herd immunity

A

Resistance of a group of people to the invasion and spread of a particular disease due to the immune status of a large portion of the population

43
Q

Infection control in healthcare facilities

A 
Immunization (staff)
Sanitation (facility)
Personal hygiene
Hand washing
PPE
Food prep and storage
44
Q

Hand hygiene

A

One of the most important ways to prevent the spread of infections

45
Q

Standard precautions

A

Hand hygiene, PPE, safe injection practices

46
Q

Transmission based precautions

A 
Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Syndromic
Protective environment
47
Q

Outbreak

A

A sudden start or increase of disease

48
Q

Endemic

A

Usual prevalence of disease in a geographic area

49
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease in excess of normal expectancy

50
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic

52
Q

Reproductive number

A

The average number of new infections caused by one infected individual in a susceptible population

53
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Hospital acquired

54
Q

Portals of Exit

A

Respiratory tract
GI tract
Genito-urinary tract
Percutaneous

55
Q

HC management implications of emerging infections

A 
Need to protect HCF patients/staff:
-prompt identification/notification
-PPE and other equipment needs
-isolation/quarantine
Need to manage influx of pts w/ novel infection:
-surge capacity
-staffing needs
-diagnostic testing
- available treatments/therapies
56
Q

How to prevent disease

A 
Destroy agent (pasteurization, chlorination etc.)
Break cycle of transmission
-eliminate means of transmission
-reduce direct contact
Increase immunization/resistance
Reduce risk factors
Isolate infectious cases

HADM 208 (13 decks)

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