MODULE 2 Flashcards
Reviewer
Q: What are primary sources in historical research?
A: Contemporary accounts of an event, personally written or narrated by individuals who directly experienced or participated in the event.
Q: Give examples of primary sources.
A: Diaries, journal entries, letters, memoirs, speeches, interviews, photographs, voice and video recordings, official records, artworks, and artifacts.
Q: What are secondary sources in historical research?
A: Interpretations or readings of primary sources, often incorporating the author’s personal insights and analyses.
Q: Give examples of secondary sources.
A: Journals, articles, reviews, books, conference papers, and documentaries.
Q: Why are primary sources considered original sources?
A: They directly narrate the details of an event without interpretation or alteration.
Q: How do secondary sources differ from primary sources?
A: Secondary sources provide interpretations or analyses of primary sources, often detaching the original value of the subject being discussed
Q: What is a common use of secondary sources in historical research?
A: To gain different perspectives on a particular topic.
Q: Can secondary sources combine primary and secondary data?
A: Yes, secondary sources can include a combination of primary and secondary information.
Q: Who conducted the initial excavations of the Tabon Cave in 1962?
A: Robert B. Fox.
Q: What significant discovery was made during the excavations of Tabon Cave in 1962?
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A: Scattered fossil bones of at least three individuals, including a large fragment of a frontal bone and portions of nasal bones
Q: Where were the fossil bones of Tabon Man found in the cave?
A: Towards the rear of the cave along the left wall.
Q: What was initially uncertain about the association of the Tabon Man fossils?
A: The association of the fossil bones with a specific flake assemblage.
Q: What did subsequent excavations suggest about the fossil bones of Tabon Man?
A: The fossil bones were associated with Flake Assemblage II, as only flakes from this assemblage have been found in that area.
Q: What is the estimated age of Tabon Man based on available data?
A: 22,000 to 24,000 years ago.
Q: What needs to be done to determine the exact age of the human fossils from Tabon Cave?
A: Further excavations and chemical analysis of the disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave.
Q: What type of human fossils were discovered in Tabon Cave?
A: Fossils of Homo sapiens.
Q: What did Scott’s preliminary study suggest about the skull dimensions of Tabon Man?
A: The skull dimensions of Tabon Man were above average when compared to modern Filipinos.
Q: According to Scott’s study, was there any evidence that Tabon Man was less brainy than modern humans?
A: No, there was no evidence suggesting that Tabon Man was less brainy.
Q: What will be included in the final site report for Tabon Cave?
A: A separate study of the fossil bones by a specialist.
Q: Who is the founder of the Anthropology Department at the University of the Philippines?
A: H. Otley Beyer.
A: H. Otley Beyer.
Q: What is the first and widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines?
A: Beyer’s Wave of Migration theory.
Q: According to Beyer, how did the ancestors of the Filipinos first arrive in the Philippines?
A: They first arrived via land bridges during times when the sea level was low, and later by seagoing vessels such as the balangay.
Q: What are the different “waves of migration” proposed by Beyer?
A:
Dawn Man, a cave-man type similar to Java man and Peking Man (250,000 years ago).
The Negritos, an aboriginal pygmy group, arriving between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago.
The Indonesian group, arriving about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, who were the first to reach the Philippines by sea.
The Malays, a more civilized group who brought Iron Age culture and were the real colonizers in pre-Hispanic Philippines.
Q: What was the main criticism of Beyer’s Wave of Migration theory?
A: It was based on 19th-century scientific methods of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion, which have since been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines.
Q: Why is Beyer’s theory still popular among some Filipinos?
A: It is widely known and accepted, especially among lay Filipinos.
Q: What is the alternative theory to Beyer’s model for the peopling of the Philippines?
A: Peter Bellwood’s Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) hypothesis.
Q: What is the foundation of Bellwood’s Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis?
A: It is based largely on linguistics, specifically the history of the Austronesian language family, and supplemented with archaeological data.
Q: According to Bellwood’s theory, where did developments in agricultural technology occur that led to migrations?
A: In the Yunnan Plateau in China.
Q: What language did the migrating peoples from the Yunnan Plateau develop or already have?
A: Proto-Austronesian.
Q: By around 3000 BC, what had started to happen to the groups speaking Proto-Austronesian?
A: They began differentiating into three or four distinct subcultures.
Q: When did the first migrations southward towards the Philippines and Indonesia occur, according to Bellwood’s theory?
A: Between 2500 and 1500 BC.
Q: By 1500 BC, where had some of the migrating groups reached?
A: They reached as far as Borneo and the Moluccas.
Q: What migration occurred by the first millennium AD?
A: Some groups migrated east, reaching Madagascar.
Q: Where did some Austronesian groups migrate west to, according to Bellwood?
A: They settled as far as Easter Island by the mid-thirteenth century AD.
Q: What makes the Austronesian language group unique in terms of geographical distribution?
A: It is one of the widest distributed language groups in the world, with languages spread across vast regions.
Q: According to Bellwood’s theory, who are the ancestors of the present Filipinos?
A: The descendants of the cultures that remained in the Philippines while others migrated southwards and eastwards.
Q: What does Jocano’s Core Population Theory suggest about the migration of early inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
A: It suggests that there were no clear discrete waves of migration. Instead, early inhabitants were of the same ethnic group and culture but gradually differentiated over time due to environmental factors.
Q: According to Jocano, where did ancient men migrate from Southeast Asia?
A: They migrated to the Philippines, New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia.
Q: What does Jocano argue about the Negrito theory of the Philippines’ early inhabitants?
A: Jocano contends that there is no evidence to suggest that the early inhabitants were Negritos.
Q: What significant discovery was made in Tabon Cave in Palawan in 1962?
A: A skullcap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be from a human, were found, with nearby charcoal dated to around 22,000 years ago.
Q: What does the discovery of Tabon Man and nearby charcoal suggest about the Philippines’ early history?
A: It suggests that the Philippines was inhabited tens of thousands of years ago, and that Palawan was connected to Sundaland during the last ice age.
Q: What are the findings related to Callao Man?
A: Callao Man’s remains were discovered in northern Luzon and date to around 67,000 years ago, possibly indicating earlier settlement of the Philippines than the Malay Peninsula.
Q: How does Jocano view the current Filipino population in terms of cultural evolution?
A: Jocano believes that present Filipinos are products of cultural evolution and migration, and that no single group (Filipinos, Indonesians, or Malays) is culturally or genetically dominant.
Q: What is Jocano’s argument against attributing Filipino culture to Malayan orientation?
A: Jocano argues that it is incorrect to attribute Filipino culture solely to a Malayan orientation, as cultural evolution has been more complex.
Q: What does Jocano claim about the prehistoric populations of Southeast Asia?
A: Jocano claims that the prehistoric populations of Southeast Asia were of the same group, with a combination of human evolution that occurred around 1.9 million years ago.
Q: How do fossil findings and the movement of people support Jocano’s theory?
A: Fossil material found in different parts of the region and the movement of people from the Asian mainland during historic times provide evidence for the shared population of prehistoric Southeast Asia.
Q: What do other prominent anthropologists think about Jocano’s Core Population Theory?
A: Anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E. Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agree with Jocano, though some, including E. Arsenio Manuel, prefer Beyer’s theory.
