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biology > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • mitochondria
  • glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
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2
Q

photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts
carbon dioxide + water → (in the presence of sunlight) oxygen + glucose

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3
Q

what do autotrophs need

A

carbon dioxide
- produce food themselves

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4
Q

what do heterotrophs need

A

oxygen for cellular respiration

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5
Q

root system

A
  • absorbs water and nutrients for plant growth
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6
Q

types of roots

A

tap root and fibrous

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7
Q

root hairs

A

increases surface area for absorption
fine like hari structures

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8
Q

root nodules

A
  • found on legumes
    -Home for nitrogen fixing bacteria → found places with low nitrogen
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9
Q

root tip

A
  • Protective cover for the root
    Specialised cells → statocytes (enable plant to detect gravity → dense organelles that sink to the bottom and indicate which way gravity is pulling)
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10
Q

function of the stem

A

Support for leaves, flowers and fruits
Transport of fluids between root and leaves
Storage of nutrients
Production of new living tissue

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11
Q

vascular bundle

A

bundle made up of fluid and nutrient transport tissue –> xylem and phloem

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12
Q

xylem

A
  • mineral ions and water
  • dead cells arranged to produce a continuous hollow tube
    walls strengthened with lignin
  • unidirectional
  • occurs at root hairs –> moves up the stem –> photosynthesis in the leaves –> the rest exits through the stomata
  • transpiration pull brings it up
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13
Q

TACT

A
  • transpiration adhesion cohesion tension model
  • explains the movement of water and dissolved mineral ions in plants
    1. water and ions diffuse through the soil into root hairs
    2. water moves up the stem due to the transpiration pull
    mechanisms that support:
  • capillary action –> narrowness of xylem tubes
  • cohesion –> hydrogen bonding of water molecules
  • adhesion –> attraction between water molecules and the xylem wall
  • potometer
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14
Q

transpirational pull

A

a force caused by water draining out of the stomata and needing tto replace water in the leaves

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15
Q

phloem

A
  • Transports dissolved nutrients and sugars
  • sieve tubes and plates
  • companion cells
  • bidirectional
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16
Q

sieve tubes

A

series of joined end to end with sieve plates –> transports sugars

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17
Q

companion cells

A

actively transports sugars in and out of the phloem
- has a nucleus
- Unloading and unloading of nutrients in and out of of the sieve elements
- pressure flow hypothesis

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18
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis:

A
  • Process responsible for the movement of sugar through the phloem
  • Allows dissolved nutrients and sugars to be translocated from the source (site of sugar production) to the sink (site of sugar removal/use)
  • Energy comes from companion cells
  1. glucose is converted into sucrose
  2. sucrose is loaded into the sieve tubes
  3. water follows the sucrose and moves into the phloem tissue by osmosis
    - due to the low concentration of water in phloem active transport
  4. high water pressure at the source forces the phloem sap to move towards the sink –> roots –> moves from one sieve cell to another
  5. after it reaches the root the sucrose is unloaded into the root svia active transport
  6. water returns to the xylem due to high concentration in phloem and not xylem
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19
Q

external leaf structure

A
  • petiole
  • veins
  • leaf blade
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20
Q

internal leaf structure

A
  • upper epidermis
  • palisade mesophyll
  • spongy mesophyll
  • lower epidermis
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21
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

Contains chloroplasts and elongated in shape
Photosynthesises and contains chlorophyll
Closer to the upper epidermis as it can catch more sunlight which increases the rate of photosynthesis

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22
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

Contains chloroplasts but not as much
Loosely packed and large air spaces around them
Oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through

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23
Q

upper and lower epidermis

A

Tightly packed layer of cells
Reduces water loss
Has stomata

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24
Q

gas exchange in plants

A

simple: moss and alge
larger –> specialised gas exchange system
- oxygen leaves through mesophyll
- water vapours leave through xylem
and stomata
- lenti

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25
Q

stomata

A

microscopic opening the cells pores

26
Q

rate of transpiration

A

Humidity → reduces transpiration rate
Temperature → water loss is higher until the maximum is reached → plateaus
Wind velocity → increases transpiration rates

27
Q

photosynthesis

A

traced through aphids or ring barking
- traced through radiotopes (carbon 14 and oxygen 18)
trace the movement through the phloem

  • light dependent –> atp and nadph
    -light independent –> occurs in the absence of light
28
Q

Circulatory/cardiovascular system

A

Transports substances around the body and transports wastes out

  • Heart, blood vessels (veins, capillaries, arteries)
29
Q

Respiratory system

A

Allows for gas exchange
Breathing (CO2 out, O2 in)

Lungs trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, alveoli, diaphragm

30
Q

Digestive system

A

Digests food and absorbs nutrients that are to be used on other body cells
- Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

31
Q

vertebrate herbivore

A
  • red kangaroo
    Grass diet → fibrous and high in cellulose but low in proteins and carbohydrates
    Sharp incisors and molars that move to the front in order to consume the low quality food and break down the cellulose in leaves

Long and complex digestive tract with caecum to absorb and break down nutrients
Foregut fermenters → contain bacteria and fungi that help break down the organic matter (symbiotic relationship)

32
Q

vertebrate carnivore

A

tiger quoll
Meat → easily broken down
Short and simple digestive tracts and no caecum
Sharp canines, premolars and incisors

33
Q

mouth

A
  • chemically and mechanically breaks down food
    Mechanically
  • Teeth bite chew and grind to break down food and increase the surface area for the action of digestive enzymes
    Chemically
  • Digestive enzymes
    Amylase → breaks down starch
    Lipase → breaks down fats

Tongue mixed food with saliva → bolus that moves down the oesophagus into the stomach –> bolus

34
Q

amylase

A

breaks down starch

35
Q

lipase

A

breaks down fat

36
Q

stomach

A

bolus is moved to the stomach form the mouth
- chemical: Stomach contains HCl
HCL activates pepsin → enzyme that helps chemically break down proteases (protein)
- mechanical: contractions
Helps breakdown fine particles that increases the surface area of food particles in contact with pepsin

37
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that helps chemically break down proteases

38
Q

small intestine

A

The partially digested food passes the pyloric sphincter → into the small intestine
Duodenum → receives secretions from the gallbladder and the pancreas
Sugars and amino acids are absorbed into the capillaries by diffusion and active transport
Villi on the surface which increases surface area

39
Q

large intestine

A

Unabsorbed food from the small intestine moves to the large intestine
Caecum and colon
Caecum: important for herbivores to break down cellulose
Colon: helps absorb water and nutrients

40
Q

rectum and anus

A
  • waste products move from large intestine to rectum
  • stores the faeces until it can be eliminate through the anus through defection
41
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

→ the biological process through which gases are transferred across cell membranes to either enter or leave the blood

42
Q

gas exchange surfaces

A
  • Moist so gases can easily dissolve and cross the membrane
  • Thin so gas can easily diffuse into the bloodstream
  • Have a rich blood supply so that diffused gases can be rapidly transported around the body
  • Large surface area to maximise diffusion
43
Q

insects

A
  • open circulatory system
  • gas exchange through spiracles and tracheae
44
Q

mammals

A
  • mouth nose pharynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
44
Q

alveoli

A

small sac like structures that are the primary structures used for gas exchange in the mammalian respiratory system
- surrounded by capillaries
- Oxygen diffuses across its membrane into capillaries which enter the blood cells that create oxygenated blood
- Carbon dioxide from capillaries diffuse through to the alveoli and exit the body
Increases surface area

44
Q

circulatory system

A

Rapidly transport nutrients and remove metabolic wastes

45
Q

open cs

A

Open → circulating fluid bathes the internal organs directly

Heart pumps blood through the blood vessel that carries the blood (haemolymph) towards organs and tissues → blood leaves these blood vessels → goes to tissue → goes back to the heart through tiny pores in the heart called ostia

46
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q

close cs

A

Closed → circulating fluid is contained within a system of vessels

heart and blood vessel (c a v)

48
Q

simple tube heart

A

Heart moves haemolymph through open ended vessels
Heart is divided into chambers separated by valves to ensure the one way flow of haemolymph → (ostia)
After the exchange has taken place the hemolymph is carried back to the heart

49
Q

four chambered heart

A

birds and mammals
- double circulatory
pulmonary
systemic

50
Q

pulmonary

A

heart to lungs and back –> oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged
- right atrium to right ventricle
- gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
- oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein

51
Q

systemic

A

heart body and back
left atrium and left ventricle

52
Q

blood vessels

A

arteries capillaries veins

53
Q

arteries

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart → oxygenated
  • Pulmonary artery is the only exception → carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Delivered to cells to undergo cellular respiration
  • Thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
  • Allows for high pressure and can expand
  • Small diameter to maintain pressure flow
54
Q

capillaries

A
  • Microscopic vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes
    Between tissues and blood
  • Tiny vessels that link arteries and veins
  • Blood goes from oxygenated to deoxygenated as it goes through the capillary beds
  • One cell thick in order to increase efficiency of gas exchange and nutrient exchange
  • Also slows down the flow
55
Q

veins

A
  • Carry blood back towards the heart → deoxygenated
  • Only exception → pulmonary vein
    Carries oxygenated blood back towards the heart and the lungs
  • Needs to go to the lungs in order to be oxygenated and to get rid of the carbon dioxide
  • Thin muscular walls with little elastic fibre
  • Blood is low in pressure after it reaches the veins
  • Flexible walls → allows blood to be pushed along by contractions in skeletal and bodily muscles
  • Large diameter as high pressure is not needed → heart doesn’t need a rapid delivery of blood to tissues
  • Contain internal valves → prevent blood flow
56
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
- Biconcave disc shape
- Smaller than white blood cells → 7 - 8µm
- Produced in bone marrow
- Contains 270 million specialised iron rich protein molecule → haemoglobin

57
Q

white blood cells

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Fight infection by foreign pathogens →bacteria and viruses
  • Have a nucleus
  • 8 - 20µm
58
Q

platelets

A
  • Thrombocytes
  • Small irregularly shaped fragments
  • 5 -9 days
  • Released thread like fibres →forms blood clots

biology (11 decks)

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