inquiry question 1 module 7 Flashcards

Question

bacterial adaptations to pathogens

Answer 1

- live within a biofilm that offers protection from host immune system responses - flagellum: Allows bacteria to move around the host or burrow into mucus layer of tissues - Fimbraie ( long sticky threads which attach to the wall and prevent it from being washed away Allows bacteria to move around the host and prevents it from being dislodged from the urinary tract ) UTI by attaching to the wall - produces enzymes: help spread H.Pylori uses its spiral shape to burrow into the mucous of the stomach, flagella also aids the movement, also produces enzyme UREASE hat catalyses conversion of urea to ammonia

Answer 2

antigenic drift: Random mutations change the structure of antigens on the surface of the virus, so it is no longer reconciled by the immune system antigenic shift: change in HA and NA due to recombinant events between two strains of viruses to battle this vaccines are developed

Answer 3

- if chain is broken disease can be prevented reservoir portal of exit mods of transmission portals of entry susceptible host

Answer 4

place where the pathogen can live grow and reproduce within people, food or water

Answer 5

in order to be infectious → pathogens must have a way of leaving the reservoir → Blood, bodily fluid, skin eg. tapeworm

Answer 6

the way that the pathogen spreads from the reservoir to the next susceptible host eg. physical droplets

Answer 7

ways that the infectious agent can gain entry into susceptible host , mucous membranes

Answer 8

organism usually has traits to be vulnerable to disease eg. immune deficiency

Answer 9

direct contact indirect contact vector transmission

Answer 10

Physical contact between infected person and susceptible person eg. sexually transmitted infections, coughing/sneezing

Answer 11

No direct human-to-human contact eg. Airborne transmission → measles virus hangs in the air after infected person walks past , contaminated objects, contaminated food and water

Answer 12

involves bite from animal or insect eg. lyme disease from tic, heart worm

Answer 13

EBOLA mortality rate of 50% - Transmitted through people with close or direct contact with bodily fluids → blood, faeces, vomit - prevention: cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and objects, avoiding contact with infected persons or their bodily fluids, wearing protective gear when interacting with infected persons - factors contributing to spread: Poor public health infrastructure High population mobility CORONAVIRUS

Answer 14

sudden increase in the occurrence of a particular disease within a certain area

Answer 15

Normal base level of disease occurence

Answer 16

If expands to a wider area such as multiple countries and effects a high percentage of the population

Answer 17

method used to multiply microbes under controlled conditions Smear sources of microbes such as contaminated water onto nutrient-filled agar plates Quickly replace lid on petri dish and seal with sticky tape Warm plates in incubator for several days Count number of colonies that form and distinguish different species or strains by their size, shape, texture and colour IV: type of water being used DV: number/type of colonies on agar plate after inoculation CV: type of agar, amount of agar, days incubated, temperature, volume of water sample safety: Petri dishes should not be opened, samples autoclaved, protective gear, wipe down surfaces

Answer 18

determined that each disease is caused by a specific micro-organism proved that bacteria was the cause of anthrax - proved diseases could be transmitted by blood: Inoculated mice with blood from infected blood and they died, Inoculated mice with healthy animal blood and they remained healthy - invented methods for cultivating pure cultures of bacteria 4 postulates 1. The microorganism must be found in excess numbers in all diseases organisms and must be absent from healthy organisms The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture The cultured microorganisms must be capable of reproducing the same disease and a healthy organism upon inoculation The microorganism must finally be re-isolated and re-cultured from the inoculated and diseased organism → this cultured microorganism must be identical to the original microorganisms from 1

Answer 19

Laid down the foundations for the Germ Theory of Disease: idea that germs (microorganisms) cause disease when they invade or live inside the body

Answer 20

founded pasteurisation Suggested that preventing entry of microorganisms into body is a good way to reduce infection through his swan neck experiment

Answer 21

organisms come from inanimate objects

Answer 22

idea that germs of microorganisms cause disease when they invade or live inside the body

Answer 23

Two swan-neck flasks with the same volume of nutrient broth Boiled broth inside the flasks to kill any microbes that were already present in the broth and in the flask/on the glass with a bunsen burner Broke off the wan-neck off one flask and left flasks in a warm area Results: resulst: - Flask with snapped neck changed colour and started to smell bad other one was fine - It was exposed to microbes that could fall from the air into the broth that began growing which changed the colour and smell. The one without the broken neck also allowed air to enter but trapped any microbes in the S-shaped tube. proved: presence of microbes in the air caused growth, disproved theory of the spontaneous generation and postulated the germ theory

Answer 24

endemic: diseases consistently present within a country or region exotic: introduced

Answer 25

- mobility - antimicrobial resistance - loss of genetic diversity (eg irish potato plight) (transgenic organisms) - esticide resistance

Answer 26

biotrophs: pathogens that live and feed on living tissue nectotrophs: produce toxins and enzymes that quickly overwhelm the plants defences and kills the cells they feed on

Answer 27

Australia has strict regulations about the introduction and movement of plant material across international borders - Banned or diseased material can be discarded and destroyed

Answer 28

- plant fungi - plant bacteria - plant viruses - plant macroparasites

Answer 29

- secretes enzymes that break down plant structures → cuticle or cell wall - eukaryotic, heterotrophic, chitinous wall - hyphae: long thread like filaments that spread though the plant tissue and absorb nutrients - sporangia: reproductive parts of fungus that produce spores eg. powdery mildew, down mildew

Answer 30

- powder blotches white - furry white growth inhibits photosynthesis

Answer 31

These include humid, warm weather, overcrowding of plants, inappropriate soil conditions (water, nutrients, pH and salinity) and poor air circulation - used for transgenic organisms black rot

Answer 32

- Replicate themselves through hijacking the transcription and translation process of the host cells eg. cucumber mosaic virus

Answer 33

puckered leaves

Answer 34

aphids: insects that feed on the phloem of plants - vectors of disease eg. aphids: cucumber mosaic disease prevention: insecticides

Answer 35

panama banana disease - fungus - yellowing of leaf - farming operations have been used for prevention - quarantine rules in queensland - effects its life as the stem splits citrus canker - bacterium - small spots - quarantine methods

inquiry question 1 module 7 Flashcards

How are diseases transmitted? (59 cards)