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biology > inquiry question 2 mod 5 > Flashcards

inquiry question 2 mod 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A

process that cells undergo in order to form new cells
- mitosis
- meiosis

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2
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

chromosome

A
  • thread like structures made of highly packed DNA around histone proteins
  • allows DNA to be accurately copied during cell division
  • located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
  • can be duplicated 92 sister chromatids), unduplicated
  • joined at centromere
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4
Q

where are chromosomes found in plants and animals

A

plants: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
animals: nucleus, mitochondria

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5
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes that consists of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that are the same length and carry genes at the same locations

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6
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events that take place in a cell as it grows and divides
- interphase –> mitosis –> completes division
- mainly interphase
- small part mitosis

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7
Q

mitosis

A

process of nuclear division in which the replicated genetic material is separated and two new nuclei are formed
- parents cells create 2 identical daughter (2n) cells
eg. binary fission

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8
Q

chromatids

A

one of two genetically identical halves of a replicated chromosome
sister: identical
non-sister: paternal and maternal

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9
Q

phases of mitosis

A

(interphase before)
- prophase
- metaphase
-anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis (no part of mitosis)

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10
Q

prophase (mitosis)

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes –> chromosomes become visible
  • mitotic spindle fibres start to form from centrioles
  • nuclear membrane dissolves to allow spindle fibres to attach to chromosomes
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11
Q

interphase

A

DNA is replicated
- nucelar DNA remaind in semi condensed chromatin configuration
- amount of DNA doubles bu the amount of chromosomes remain the same

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12
Q

metaphase (mitosis)

A
  • chromosomes line up –independent assortment
  • centrosomes are at opposite ends of cells –> poles
  • spindle fibres attach to centromere of each pair of sister chromatids (makes sure that the chromatins go to different sides)
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13
Q

anaphase (mitosis)

A
  • sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  • end: each pole has a full set of chromosomes
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14
Q

telophase (mitosis)

A
  • chromosomes begin to decondense (unravel)
  • mitotic spindles break down
  • nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromosomes
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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells each with their own cell membrane
- Begins in either anaphase or telophase –> doesn’t finish until after telophase.
- Cytoplasm splits equally between the two cells.
- Chromosome unravels to become chromatin
- When cytoplasm divides so each daughter cell has its own cytoplasm

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16
Q

meiosis

A

process of nuclear division required for the formation of new sex cells (gametes)
- single parent cell divided twice to produce 4 identical daughter cells that contain half the amount of genetic information
- 2n - 2n - nX4
- produces genetically unique gametes

17
Q

phases of meiosis

A

interphase
meiosis I
- prophase I
- metaphase I
- anaphase I
- telophase I
cytokinesis
(no interphase)
meiosis II
- prophase II
- metaphase II
- anaphase II
- telophase II
cytokinesis

18
Q

prophase I meiosis I

A
  • chromosomes condense into x-shaped structures
  • two sister chromatids in each chromosome
  • pairs may cross over –> exchange DNA to mix maternal and paternal alleles –> increases genetic variability
19
Q

metaphase I meiosis I

A
  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equator randomly –> independent assortment –> increases genetic variability
  • centrioles at opposite ends of the cell
  • meiotic spindles attach to one chromosome from each pair on each side
20
Q

anaphase I meiosis I

A
  • cells begin to elongate
  • homologous pair of chromosomes are pulled apart by meiotic spindle
  • sister chromatids stay attached at centromeres
21
Q

cytokinesis after meiosis I

A
  • Single cell pinches in the middle→ two new daughter cells
  • Each contain a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus
21
Q

telophase I meiosis I

A
  • Chromosomes complete the move to the opposite poles of the cell
  • each pole has a full sett of chromosomes
  • chromosomes decondense
  • nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes
22
Q

meiosis II

A
  • like mitosis
  • no crossing oer
  • begins without further replication –> interphase
23
Q

prophase II meiosis II

A
  • two daughter cells (n)
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleoli and membrane dissolve and disappear
  • Spindle fibres form and spread across the two daughter cells
    (crossing over does not occur)
24
Q

metaphase II meiosis II

A
  • Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell → (metaplate) in a single file line different to metaphase I
  • law of independent assortment
  • meiotic spindles attach to each of the sister chromatids
25
Q

anaphase II meiosis II

A
  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles due to the meiotic spindle
  • one chromatid = one chromosome
26
Q

telophase II meiosis II

A
  • chromosomes complete their move to opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes decondense
  • nuclear envelope begins to reform around them
27
Q

cytokinesis (after meiosis II )

A
  • cells physically divide into four daughter cells
  • haploid (23 chromosomes)
28
Q

gene

A

a distinct sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome which code for some characteristic which is transferred from parent to offspring

29
Q

allele

A

each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome
- dominant: when the allele of the gene effectively overruled the other (recessive) allele

30
Q

genetic continuity

A

ability to pass on genetic information from one generation to the next
depends on
- large numbers
- stable environment
in changing environment variation helps continuity

31
Q

why is genetic continuity important

A

allows for the passage of advantageous traits to ensure species survival

32
Q

how does sexual reproduction ensure genetic variation and continuity

A
  1. crossing over
  2. law of independent assortment
  3. law of random segregation
  4. random fertilisation
33
Q

crossing over

A
  • Exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes’ non-sister chromatids
  • Prophase I or metaphase I
  • Leads to new allelic combination in daughter cells
34
Q

law of independent assortment

A
  • metaphase –> homologous pairs align independently
  • Traits are inherited independently
  • the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene
35
Q

law of random segregation

A

chromosomes are distributed randomly among the different gametes depending on which way in which chromosome pairs line up during meiosis
- results in unique set of chromosomes
- anaphase I
- Alleles separate/segregate → each gamete is equally likely to receive either on of the two alleles present in the diploid individual

36
Q

random fertilisation

A

Random union of gametes during fertilisation → introduces variability
- any sperm can combine with any egg

biology (11 decks)

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