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biology > inquiry question 3 mod 5 > Flashcards

inquiry question 3 mod 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA

A

Hereditary material that carries all the genetic code for proteins that enable cells to undergo growth, repair and other specialised functions

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3
Q

location of DNA

A

prokaryotes: stored as single looped chromosomes + smaller loops of DNA (plasmids)
eukaryotes:
- nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria

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4
Q

structure of DNA

A
  • double stranded helix with 4 nitrogenous bases
  • long double stranded helix
  • chain made up of nucleotides
  • leading strand 5’ - 3’
  • lagging strand 3’ to 5’
  • anti-parallel
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5
Q

nucleotides

A

made up of
- deoxyribose sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
- base pairs bonded by hydrogen bonds
- covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate group

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6
Q

deoxyribose sugar

A
  • five carbon atoms
  • four carbons and one oxygen forms a ring + one carbon branching off
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7
Q

nitrogenous bases in DNA

A
  • adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
  • purine (two rings) adenine and guanine
  • pyrimidine (one ring) cytosine and thymine
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8
Q

enzymes needed for DNA replication

A

helicase, polymerase, topoisomerase, primase, rna primers

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9
Q

DNA replication

A
  • DNA must replicate before a cell divides (mitosis)
  • takes place in interphase
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10
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  1. Helicase unwinds and separates/unzips the 2 DNA strands into a replication fork (Y shape) –> breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
  2. bind proteins attach to the 2 DNA strands → keeps them separate and untwisted
  3. Enzyme topoisomerase relieves stress (caused by the unzipping) –> attaches ahead of the fork on the DNA molecule → prevents coiling so it can continue to separate
  4. primase makes RNA primers
  5. RNA primers are required to add new nucleotides from the surrounding cytoplasm
  6. DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to the replication fork stands
    - leading strand –> Bind to DNA → moves along → reads bases → assemble complementary strand of nucleotides
    - lagging strand –> discontinuous segments (okazaki fragments) glued together by DNA ligase
    - bases are paired
  7. new strand is created –> complementary of one of the template strands
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11
Q

what model is DNA

A

semi conservative –> watson and crick

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12
Q

leading strand: direction and enzymes needed

A

5’ to 3’
- DNA helicase
DNA polymerase
- Primase
- topoisomerase

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13
Q

lagging strand: direction and enzymes needed

A

3’ to 5’
- primase
- polymerase
- ligase
- helicase

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14
Q

role of DNA helicase

A

unwinds and separates/unzips the 2 DNA strands into a replication fork (Y shape)
which is done through breaking hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Role of topoisomerase

A

relieves stress (caused by the unzipping) → attaches ahead of the fork on the DNA molecule → prevents coiling so it can continue to separate

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16
Q

role of primase

A

required to add new nucleotides from the surrounding cytoplasm

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17
Q

role of DNA polymerase

A

add new nucleotides to the replication fork stands

leading: binds to DNA –> moves along and reads bases -> assemble complementary strand of nucleotides

lagging: synthesises okazaki fragments

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18
Q

role of DNA ligase

A

glues the Okazaki fragments together in the lagging strand

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19
Q

okazaki fragments

A

short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication of DNA

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20
Q

similarities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • DNA replicates before cell division
  • DNA is combined with proteins
  • they have the same role to make polypeptides
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21
Q

differences in DNA –> eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes:
- little non-coding DNA
- circular chromosome in nucleoid region
- one copy of each gene
eukaryotes:
- large section of non-coding DNA
- densely packed in nucleus as linear chromosomes
- multiple copies of each gene

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22
Q

what is a gene in terms of DNA

A

length of a DNA

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23
Q

polypeptides

A

amino acid chains –> 20 amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- they fold to create a functional protein

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24
Q

amino acid structure

A

oxygen, carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen

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25
Q

non-coding DNA

A

introns –> spliced out (which helps regulate gene expression)
promoters –> TATA box

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26
Q

examples of proteins

A

keratin, haemoglobin

27
Q

coding DNA

A

exons

28
Q

2 steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. transcription
    - base sequence is transcribed into mRNA
  2. translation
    - polypeptides are made from mRNA
29
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid
- ribose sugar in the back bone
- uracill instead of thymine
- single stranded

three types:
- mRNA (messenger)
- rRNA (ribosomal)
- tRNA (transfer)

30
Q

role of mRNA

A
  • copied DNA code
  • carries genetic information to the ribosome
31
Q

role of rRNA

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • single strand
  • globular shape
  • reads the mRNA sequence –> translates genetic code into amino acids
32
Q

role of tRNA

A

transfers amino acids to ribosomes where proteins are synthesised
- clover leaf shape
- single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end with amino acid
- opposite end has an anti codon –> three nucleotide bases

UAG (mRNA) AUC (tRNA)

33
Q

RNA

A

converts genetic information contained within DNA to build proteins

34
Q

mRNA

A
  • long single straight chain of nucleotides that carries information for a specific protein
  • bases: ( A,U,G,C)
  • made up of codons
35
Q

codon

A

sequences of three bases
AUG start

36
Q

anti-codon

A

complimentary of the codon (A - U ) (C - G)

37
Q

protein synthesis

A

production or synthesis of polypeptide chains

38
Q

role of transcription

A

Process by which the DNA base sequence is read by the enzyme RNA polymerase and copied onto a single strand of mRNA

39
Q

characteristics of transcription

A
  • requires RNA polymerase to build in the 5’ to 3’
  • base sequence from template strand is transcribed onto mRNA
  • mRNA needs to be processed before leaving the nucleus
  • takes place in the nucleus
    -tata start stops at stop codons
40
Q

direction of transcription

A

5’ to 3’

41
Q

what enzyme does transcription need to build in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

RNA polymerase

42
Q

how do you know where transcription starts

A

TATA box

43
Q

where does transcription end

A

stop codons

44
Q

direction of coding strand

A

5’ to 3’

45
Q

direction of template strand

A

3’ to 5’

46
Q

coding strand

A

contains the gene

47
Q

template strand

A

U instead of T in mRNA

48
Q

transcription stages

A

initiation
elongation
termination

49
Q

transcription process

A
  1. Specific section of DNA continuing the gene of interest is unwinded, exposing the DNA base sequence through RNA polymerase which binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
  2. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble the nucleotides into RNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Initiation stage:
promoters (TATA box) show where the polymerase must bind to begin transcription of RNA

Elongation stage:
RNA polymerase builds a new strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction → through adding RNA free floating mRNA nucleotides (A,U,C,G) to undergo complementary base pairing in 5’ to 3’ direction

Termination stage:
Specific base sequences → codons signal the process to stop → termination signal
mRNA processing

RNA editing needs to be done to the nucleotide chain to makes the RNA FUNCTIONAL
- Introns - spliced out

mRNA editing
Exons rejoined by ligase
- Guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5’ end of new mRNA
- Poly A tail is added to 3’ end of RNA

mRNA transcript
Mature mRNA leaves nucleus through pores → goes to ROUGH ER ribosomes

50
Q

exons

A

segments of DNA that code for proteins

51
Q

why and where and what is guanine triphosphate cap and poly A tale

A

To protect the mRNA from being broken up while leaving the nucleus in mRNA editing stage

  • guanine triphosphate cap –> 5’ side
  • poly A tail –> 3’ side
52
Q

what is used to protect the mRNA from being broken up while leaving the nucleus

A

guanine triphosphate cap 5’
poly A tale 3’

53
Q

stages in translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

54
Q

role of translation

A

Process of decoding mRNA into polypeptide chain that will ultimately become a protein

55
Q

translation characteristics

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • requires ribosomes and tRNA
  • starts at AUG
  • ends at stop codon
  • polypeptide chain processed folded
  1. initiation
    - AUG: start codon on mRNA
  2. elongation
  3. termination
    - stop codon on mRNA
56
Q

initiation translation

A
  • Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit
    mRNA transcript attaches onto a ribosome in the cytoplasm
  • mRNA transcript begins at AUG
  • Ribosome reads one codon at a time
57
Q

elongation translation

A
  • ribosomes continue to read codons
  • recruits tRNA molecules
  • codons on mRNA are matched to anti-codons on tRNA
  • tRNA molecule drops off respective amino acid to the sit
  • amino acid is covalently bonded (peptide bonded) to previous acid in line
  • process continues to form a long chain of amino acids
58
Q

termination translation

A

Growth of amino acid chain ceases when the stop codon is reached

59
Q

what does a polypeptide need to do in order to become a functional protein

A

fold into the correct 3D shape

60
Q

gene expression

A

Process by which information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a polypeptide or protein

61
Q

gene expression

A

Process by which information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a polypeptide or protein

62
Q

difference in protein synthesis and DNA replication

A

DNA REPLICATION IS USED TO MAKE ADDITIONAL COPIES OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS WHEREAS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INVOLVES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INTO POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

63
Q

how are genes regulated

A

turning genes on or off which determines the structure and function of cells
- Important as not all proteins are needed all the time due to changing environmental conditions in the body

biology (11 decks)

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