Module 2 Flashcards
The primary biological component of humans that
allowed for culture is the developed brain. It has the
necessary parts for facilitating pertinent skills such
speaking, touching, feeling, seeing, and smelling.
Our thinking capacity
-the vocal tract acts as the mechanism by which sounds are produced and reproduced to transmit ideas and values
-traditional scientific belief pegs the development of
language at 100 000 years ago, making it an exclusive trait
to modern human.
Our speaking capacity
_______ argued that the origin of language may be
rooted as far back as 500 000 years ago, based on the
discovered fragment of Homo heidelbergensis (hyoid bone
which is crucial for speaking as it supports the root tongue —
same with homo neanderthalensis)
Dan Dediu
Two types of grips
- Power Grip
- Precision Grip
- enables humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on object; it became the cornerstone of our
capacity to hold tools firmly for hunting and other
activities.
Power Grip
- enables humans to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers. This capacity is
crucial in tool-making activities.
Precision Grip
Primates have two forms of locomotion:
- Bipedalism
- Quadropedalism
— is the capacity to walk and stand on two
Bipedalism
- uses all four limbs
Quadropedalism
- practiced the crudest methods of toolmaking
Australopithecines
-stone-tool industry
-characterized by use of “hand water-worn creek
cobles made out of volcanic rock (used to butcher
large animals)
The Oldowan Industry
— a process involving the
systematic collision produces a core tool (used for
general purpose) and the flake tool (used as a
knife)
Percussion Flaking
— supported the existence of oldowan industry
when Mary and louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania,
which was dated at 2.6 million years ago.
Homo habilis
— acquired the industry after migration within
1.9 -1.8 mya
Homo erectus
- a period of which stone implements were used in multiple activities such as light chopping of wood, digging up roots and bulbs, butchering animals, and cracking nuts and small bones.
THE ACHAUELIAN INDUSTRY
— a patron saint of France wherein this industry was named after him as artifacts
were discovered in that area dating 1.5 mya.
Saint Acheul
-name after a site in France called Le Moustier, where evidence was uncovered in 1860.
THE MOUSTERIAN INDUSTRY
-Mainly present in Europe and Southwest Asia from 45 000 to 35 000 years ago
THE AURIGNICIAN INDUSTRY
-named after the La Madeleine site in Dordogne, France.
- this industry saw the end of palaeolithic period as it transformed to
neolithic period.
THE MAGDALENIAN INDUSTRY
-Provided the bases for development of complex human groups through the establishment of culture.
-By the end of this period, Earth was getting warmer as the Ice Age was already at its last stage
Palaeolithic Revolution
-Characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence of early humans from foraging to
agriculture.
Neolithic Revolution
Rulers ascended to power convinced that their right to
rule is based on their final relationship with
supernatural forces and entities. (e.g., God-king of
ancient Sumer)
Divine Right Theory
A group forces member of another group to subject
themselves to their rules. (e.g., Mayans -conflict over
access to rivers resulted into subjugation)
Force Theory
The father essentially is the leader of the first political
unit, which grew as the number of the members of his
family grew.
Paternalistic Theory
The creation of a state was mutual agreement between
the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and security from
outside threats.
Social Contract Theory
Humans have innate need to be part of community.
Natural Theory
— believed to be where it started the
traditional view of democracy around 500 BCE.
Greek City-States
- an Athenian statesman proposed
demokratika as a political ideology that aimed at
dispersing power from the monopoly of the elites to
the masses
Cleisthenes
— a city found in Fertile Crescent and
according to Keane (2009) it is where the real origin of
democracy started
City of Nippur
- along this region early
civilization started democracy as early as the Old
Babylonian empire days (1 894 BCE)
Fertile Crescent
- settlement on the
Peloponnese region and it is believed that the
implementation of democracy transpired between
1 000 and 1 200 BCE.
Mycenaean Civilization
-primary transnational entity that manages and negotiates
matters relating to human heritage
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
— being tangible in the form of structures,
monuments, historical sites, other artifacts.
Tangible heritage
- being intangible in the form of literature, oral
tradition, concepts, and values.
Intangible heritage
— repository of archaeological finds that allow people
from the contemporary period to reconstruct the culture and
environment of their ancestors.
-Provides access to races’ ancestors lives and environment
without travelling to archaeological sites, which are often highly
inaccessible.
Museums
