General Reviwer Flashcards by Ronamae Oliva

capacity to influence the
actions, behaviors, and decisions of
another individual

Power

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actual use of power by
threatening coercion or
consequences to impose an action or
decision over another

Force

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persuasion and
relationship; one can modify another
person’s behavior and decision
making without force

Influence

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power generated from
legitimate means such as an election

Authority

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absolute power passed on from generation to generation

Traditional Authority

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comes from the constitution of a
country

Rational-legal Authority

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derived from the personality of a
leader exuding charisma

Charismatic Authority

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compelling
attraction or charm of a person

Charisma

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State has four main manifest function :
1. Maintain Peace and Order
2. Plan and Direct Society
3. Meet Social Needs
4. Manage International
Relations

Functionalist Perspective

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State is an
all-controlling government

Conflict Perspective

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[WHO] coined
“Power Elite” in 1956 – those who control power in society.

C. Wright Mills

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State is a micro-level analysis of symbols
that maintain the status quo or how
power is arranged in the government

Interactionist Perspective

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[WHO] Human society into four categories:
- BAND
- TRIBES
- CHIEFDOM
- STATE

Elman Service (1962)

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Has the lowest complexity.
- Rarely exceeding 100 in
population.
- No Leader
- Egalitarian
- Closest Relationship

Band

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Composed of segmentary linages/clusters of family.
- About 100 – 5,000 people
- Lineage
- Compete for Leadership
- Calling on the Supernatural or
giving Trial by Ordeal

Tribes

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Ranked society.
- Leader Dies = Successor is called upon

Chiefdom

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Largest and most formal.
- Political organization run by a government.
- State selects its leaders by various means via election, succession of monarchies, or
appointment

State

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source of
power; crafter after the Marcos
Dictatorship.

1987 Constitution

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political
process; House of
Representatives decide to initiate
the removal of aforesaid
officials.

Impeachment

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Crafts Laws;
power to remove by
impeachment
— Senate (Upper
House)
— House of
Representatives
(Lower House)

Legislative Branch

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Executes the Law
— President
— Vice President
— Cabinet
Secretaries

Executive Branch

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Dispenses Justice
— Members of the
Supreme Court
— Chief Justice
— Shariah Court –
for Muslim
Customary.

Judiciary Branch

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mandate to
conduct elections.

Commission on Elections
(COMELEC)

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mandate to
investigate any human rights violation.

Commission on human
Rights (CHR)

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social actor that has a particular obligation to respect and promote human rights

Duty Bearers

mandate to oversee the professionalism and integrity of government actions; central agency of all government employees.

Civil Service Commission (CSC)

mandate to audit or examine all government accounts and expenditure.

Commission on Audit (COA)

power to ensure all laws are followed throughout the country

National Government

tasked to ensure the implementation of the laws.

Local Government

governor, vice governor, sangguniang panlalawigan.

Province

mayor, vice mayor, sangguniang panlungsod o pambayan

City/Municipality

barangay captain and kagawad

Barangay

Only regional government; Established through the Bangsamoro Organic Law in 2019

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)

help in developing better societies but are not under any state of government

Non-state

provide loans to customers but with an interest rate.

Banks

largest type of bank

Commercial/Universal Banks

aim to increase the savings of depositors

Savings Bank

smallest type of bank; usually on provinces or rural areas.

Rural Banks

- large type of business. - Authorized to act as a single entity

Corporations

organizations that have mutual goals among their members

Cooperatives and Trade Unions

created across all levels and types of employment

General Unions

unions of workers in a particular field.

Industrial/Craft Unions

Professional workers

White Collar Unions

- activity that aims to influence a political, economic, or social institution towards a specific goal. - Supporting a cause or activity that can influence decision-makers.

Advocacy

accountability politics.

Transnational Advocacy Groups

international organizations; create opportunities for development in various field in the society

Development Agencies

first worldwide intergovernment organization.

League of Nations (1920)

primary example of an international organization

United Nations (1945)

cultural universals; children to teenagers learn new knowledge and skills everyday

Education

refers to the set of lessons that are learned but not openly intended.

Hidden Curriculum

learning that takes place inside a classroom.

Formal Education

considered as an alternative or complementary to formal education; assessed by their skills

NonFormal Education (NFE)

[WHO] “Education is a Primary Right for All Children”.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

to transmit knowledge and skills to students.

Functionalist perspective

transmit the dominant culture of society by exposing students to beliefs, norms, and values.

Transmitting Culture

promotes social stability.

Promoting Social Integration

technique and strategy to prevent deviant behavior

Maintaining Social Control

cater to desires for change in society

Serving as an Agent of Change

dominance of the elite that stifles individualism

Conflict Perspective

promoting social inequality by adhering to placement through various assessments

Social Inequality

set of values and beliefs that support the status quo, including the existing social stratification.

Hidden Curriculum

central to social stratification; seen as essential workers in society

Credentialism

microlevel analysis of the relationship between education and individuals

Interactionist Perspective

labeling of student to their peers within the school

Labeling

unwanted and aggressive behavior toward another, usually caused by inferiority complex of the bully

Bullying

States that the perception of teachers towards student affects how the teacher performs.

Teacher Expectancy

[WHO] passed a law changing the educational system in the Philippines

Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino (2013)

arrangement and/or classification according to a certain criterion.

Stratification

economic system of separating work into various components

Division of Labor

division, ranking, and/or classification method of a society based on various factors ssuch as wealth, power, and prestige (social desirables)

Social Stratification

[FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE] stratifying the members of the society is a functional necessity, thus it benefits the society by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore (1945)

Davis-Moore Hypothesis

motivates an individual to train and perform complex roles in a society

Stratification

[CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE] social stratification should not exist, as only few benefit while others suffer

Karl Marx - Conflict Theory

Involves how people from various classes interact with one another

Interactionist Perspective

shift in social status or rank by virtue of marriage or other meritorious work

Social Mobility

3,000 years; based on Hindu Belief and Culture. A Closed System

Indian Caste System

HINDU OF WORK AND DUTY

Kharma (Work) and Dharma (Duty)

FOUR CLASSES OF INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM

Brahmins (Priests) Kshatriya (Warriors and Nobles) Vaishya (Merchants and Landowners Shudra (Commoners and Peasants) Dalits (Untouchables) - outcast and impure

created in france based on land ownership

Estate System

Who are awarded lands in the estate system?

Nobles (Lords)

(Lords and Landowners)

Nobility

(Priests and Members of the Church)

Clergy

(Peasants, Traders, and Artisans).

Commoners

open system of stratification.

Class System

land and business owners

Bourgeoisie (upper class outside of the nobility)

prisoners or worker paying debts who are abused and maltreated.

Debt Bondage

refers to institutional slavery that continues to occur in present-day society

Modern Slavery

condition of unequal access to the benefits of belonging to any society; one of the pressing problems in the world

Social Inequality

refers to the unequal distribution of wealth and resources within the society

Inequality of Conditions

refers to the unequal access of people on education, healthcare, and job opportunities

Inequality of Opportunities

condition wherein a person or community lacks the financial capability to afford the minimum standard of living

Poverty

sever deprivation of basic human needs

Absolute Poverty – “Extreme Poverty”

socially defined poverty based on social context of the community or individual

Relative Poverty – “Subjective Poverty”

concentration of resources in some nations while others have less

Global Inequality

Gross National income (GNI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

emphasize the capacity of population.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Result of Racism; grounded in racist/racial discrimination.

Racial Inequality

Prejudice against people based on their race.

Racism

group of people distinguished from others based on common physical characteristics.

Race

social construct where people may socially benefit based from their race.

Social Privilege

form of inequality based on one’s sex or gender

Gender Inequality

unequal experience, rights, freedoms, and treatment of an individual.

Gender Discrimination/Sexism

denial of an activity to an individual because of gender

Direct Discrimination

policies are unequal or only favor one group of people based on gender.

Indirect Discrimination