Module 15: Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Representational Systems

Answer 1

broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self

Question 2

What do children in their middle and late childhood think about their self-concept?

Answer 2

She can compare her real self with her ideal self and can judge how well she measures up to social standards in comparison with others

Question 3

According to Erikson, what may happen when children are not praised by adults or peers?

Answer 3

According to Erikson, in the event that children are unable to obtain the praise of adults or peers in their lives, or lack motivation and self-esteem, they may develop a feeling of low self-worth, thus develop a sense of inferiority

Question 4

What is the crisis faced in middle and late childhood (Erik Erikson)?

Answer 4

Industry vs. Inferiority

Question 5

What are the ages of children who face the crisis, Industry vs. Inferiority?

Answer 5

School Age Age (5-13 yrs)

Question 6

What is the virtue developed once Industry vs. Inferiority is successfully passed?

Answer 6

Competency

Question 7

What does developing a sense of industry involve?

Answer 7

Developing a sense of industry involves learning how to work hard to achieve goals

Question 8

What are the maladaptive tendencies that may be faced in middle and late childhood?

Answer 8

1. Narrow Virtuosity
2. Inertia

Question 9

Narrow Virtuosity

Answer 9

children that aren’t allowed to “be children” and push into one area of competence

Question 10

Inertia

Answer 10

suffer from inferiority complexes

Question 11

What are the significant persons in middle and late childhood?

Answer 11

Neighborhood and School

Question 12

What do children become more aware of as they grow older?

Answer 12

+ As children grow, they are more aware of their own and other people’s feelings
+ Children are typically aware of feeling shame and pride and a clearer idea of the difference between guilt and shame

Question 13

Emotional Self-Regulation

Answer 13

voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior

Question 14

What do children in middle and late childhood tend to be?

Answer 14

Children tends to become more empathetic and more inclined to prosocial behaviors

Question 15

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 15

broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females

Question 16

Coregulation

Answer 16

children and parents share power

Question 17

How does the amount of autonomy that parents give affect children?

Answer 17

The amount of autonomy parents provide affects how their children feel about them

Question 18

When do children follow their parents’ wishes?

Answer 18

Children are more apt to follow their parents’ wishes when they believe the parents are fair and concerned about the child’s welfare

Question 19

What kind of form of discipline do parents of school-age children tend to do?

Answer 19

Parents of school-age children tends to use inductive techniques as a form of discipline

Question 20

How does being exposed to high levels of family conflict affect children?

Answer 20

Children exposed to high levels of family conflict are more likely to show a variety of responses that can include internalizing or externalizing behaviors

Question 21

Internalizing behaviors

Answer 21

anxiety, fear, depression-anger turned inward

Question 22

Externalizing behaviors

Answer 22

aggression, fighting, disobedience, hostility

Question 23

How can constructive family conflict help children?

Answer 23

If family conflict is constructive, it can help children see the need for rules and standards and learn what issues are worth arguing about and what strategies can be effective

Question 24

When is a mother more likely to be effective as a parent?

Answer 24

The more satisfied a mother is with her employment status, the more effective she is likely to be a parent

Question 25

What can serve as a buffer for the consequences of poverty for children?

Answer 25

Though poverty can harm children’s development, high-quality parenting can buffer children from potential consequences of poverty

Question 26

What kind of families do children tend to do better in?

Answer 26

Children tend to do better in families with two continuously married parents than in cohabiting, divorced, single-parent, or step-families

Question 27

What affects children’s adjustment more than marital status?

Answer 27

Parent’s relationship, the quality of their parenting, and their ability to create a favorable family atmosphere affect children’s adjustment more than their marital status does

Question 28

What kind of behavior do children with divorced parents tend to show?

Answer 28

Children whose parents later divorce show more anxiety, depression, or antisocial behavior prior to the divorce than those parents who stay married

Question 29

When children’s parents are divorced, in what kind of custody do they do better in?

Answer 29

Children do better with joint custody

Question 30

What has co-parenting been linked to?

Answer 30

Co-parenting has been consistently linked to positive child outcomes

Question 31

What range of development do most adopted children fall into?

Answer 31

Most adopted children fall within the normal range of development

Question 32

What are children adopted after the age of 1 more likely to show?

Answer 32

Children adopted after the age 1 were more likely to show lower school achievement

Question 33

What is having a warm and supportive sibling relationship associated with?

Answer 33

Having a warm and supportive sibling relationship is associated with better adjustment and better emotion regulation

Question 34

What gender of sibling shows a high level of sibling intimacy?

Answer 34

Sisters are higher in sibling intimacy than brothers or mixed-sex dyads

Question 35

How do peer groups help children?

Answer 35

Peer groups helps children learn how to adjust their needs and desires to those of others, when to yield, and when to stand firm

Question 36

What can children in middle and late childhood gauge?

Answer 36

Children can gauge their abilities and gain a clearer sense of self-efficacy

Question 37

Prejudice

Answer 37

unfavorable attitudes towards outsiders

Question 38

How does discrimination affect children?

Answer 38

Children can be negatively affected by discrimination

Question 39

Between males and females, who are most likely to engage in cross-gender activities in middle and late childhood?

Answer 39

Girls are more likely to engage in cross gender activities

Question 40

Positive Nomination

Answer 40

asking children who they like to play with, they like the most, or who they think other kids like the most

Question 41

Negative Nomination

Answer 41

opposite of positive nomination

Question 42

Sociometric Popularity

Answer 42

measures that is composed of positive nominations, negative nominations or no nominations

Question 43

Average children

Answer 43

receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations

Question 44

Neglected Children

Answer 44

infrequently nominated as bestie but not really disliked

Question 45

Rejected Children

Answer 45

disliked by peers

Question 46

Controversial Children

Answer 46

frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked

Question 47

Popular Children

Answer 47

frequently nominated as bestie and rarely disliked by peers

Question 48

Unpopular children

Answer 48

Unpopular children can make friends but they tend to have fewer friends and they prefer younger ones

Question 49

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 49

+ aimed at achieving an objective
+ Proactive (Cold Aggression)
+ view force and coercion as effective ways to get what they want
+ very common in kids

Question 50

Hostile Aggression

Answer 50

+ intended to hurt another person
+ Reactive (hot aggression)
+ Direct Aggression

Question 51

Hostile Attributional Bias

Answer 51

quickly conclude, in ambiguous situations that others were acting with ill intent and are likely to strike out in retaliation or self-defense