Module 13: Developmental Issues during Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

What can lack of interaction with the caregiver cause in infants?

Answer 1

delayed speech

Question 2

What can lack of stimulation with the caregiver cause in infants?

Answer 2

delayed cognition

Question 3

What is the first challenge for babies according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 3

According to Erik Erikson, as babies, our first challenge involves forming basic sense of Trust versus Mistrust. Ideally, babies develop a balance between trust and
mistrust.

Question 4

What happens when trust predominates in children according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 4

If trust predominates, as it should, children develop Hope and the belief that they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires

Question 5

What is the approximate age of individuals who face the Trust vs. Mistrust crisis?

Answer 5

Infancy (0-18 months)

Question 6

What is the crisis during Infancy (0-18 months)?

Answer 6

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 7

What is the virtue that develops after Trust vs. Mistrust?

Answer 7

Hope

Question 8

What is the approximate age of individuals who face the Autonomy vs.
Shame/Doubt crisis?

Answer 8

Toddler (18 months – 36 months)

Question 9

What is the crisis during Toddler (18 months – 36 months)?

Answer 9

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Question 10

What is the virtue that develops after Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt?

Answer 10

Will

Question 11

Maladaptive Tendency for Infancy: Sensory Maladjustment

Answer 11

overly trusting and gullible, unrealistic, spoiled

Question 12

Malignant Tendency: Withdrawal

Answer 12

never trust anyone, paranoid, neurotic, depressive

Question 13

Who is the Significant Person in the development of a baby in terms of withdrawal?

Answer 13

Mother

Question 14

Maladaptive Tendency for Toddler: Impulsiveness

Answer 14

shameless willfulness that leads to jump into things without proper consideration, reckless, inconsiderate

Question 15

Malignant Tendency: Compulsiveness

Answer 15

perfectionism, rule follower, anal, constrained

Question 16

Who is the Significant Person in the development of a baby in terms of impulsiveness and compulsiveness; toddlerhood?

Answer 16

Parents

Question 17

What happens when a child becomes successful in a stage according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 17

Successful in this stage = hopeful child

Question 18

What happens when a child fails in a stage according to Erik Erikson?

Answer 18

withdrawn child

Question 19

Self-Concept

Answer 19

our image of ourselves; it describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions

Question 20

At 3 months, what image do infants pay attention to?

Answer 20

By at least 3 months, infants pay attention to their mirror image

Question 21

Pretend Play

Answer 21

an early indication of the ability to
understand other’s mental states and their own

Question 22

What age do infants usually start to use pronouns?

Answer 22

Usage of person pronouns (me, mine) usually at 20-24 months

Question 23

Socialization

Answer 23

process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible and productive members of the society

Question 24

Why do children obey society or their parents?

Answer 24

Children obey societal or parental dictates because they believe them to be right and true

Question 25

What is the eventual goal for the development of infants?

Answer 25

The eventual goal is the development of conscience

Question 26

Situational Compliance

Answer 26

+ extra assistance provided by their parents’ reminder and prompts to complete the task
+ only in the presence of the parents

Question 27

Committed Compliance

Answer 27

+ they were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention
+ even without the parents

Question 28

Receptive Cooperation

Answer 28

eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions, but in variety of daily interactions

Question 29

What is the anal stage focused on?

Answer 29

In Freud’s second psychosexual development stage, Anal Stage, it stated how the development of children on this stage is focused on controlling bowel movements.

Question 30

What are the possible fixations of the anal stage?

Answer 30

Fixations of this stage leads to Anal-Retentive and Anal-Expulsive Individuals

Question 31

Anal Retentive

Answer 31

obsessed with orderliness and tidiness due to strict potty training

Question 32

Anal-Expulsive

Answer 32

very messy and disorganized adults due to lax potty training

Question 33

What are the maladaptive tendencies in infancy?

Answer 33

1. Sensory Maladjustment
2. Withdrawal
3. Impulsiveness
4. Compulsiveness