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TOS DevPsych > Module 12: Critical Issues during Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Module 12: Critical Issues during Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chromosomal abnormalities that may develop during prenatal development?

A
  1. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
  2. Klinefelter Syndrome
  3. Fragile X Syndrome
  4. Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)
  5. XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)
  6. Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
  7. Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
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2
Q

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A

Extra copy of chromosome 21

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3
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Extra X Chromosome (XXY)

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4
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID

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5
Q

Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)

A

Missing X chromosome for females

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6
Q

XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)

A

Extra Y chromosome

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7
Q

Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

A

Extra copy of chromosome 18

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8
Q

Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

A

Extra copy of chromosome 13

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9
Q

Treatment of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A

Surgery, SPED

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10
Q

Treatment of Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Hormone Therapy

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11
Q

Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome

A

SPED, Speech Therapy

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12
Q

Treatment of Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)

A

Hormone Therapy

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13
Q

Treatment of XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)

A

no treatment

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14
Q

Treatment of Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

A

no treatment

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15
Q

Treatment of Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

A

no treatment

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16
Q

What are the gene-linked abnormalities that can occur during prenatal development?

A
  1. Cystic Fibrosis
  2. Diabetes
  3. Hemophilia
  4. Huntington’s
  5. Phenylketonuria
  6. Sickle-Cell Anemia
  7. Spina Bifida
  8. Tay-Sachs Disease
  9. Anencephaly
  10. Polycystic Kidney Disease
  11. Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
  12. Alpha Thalassemia
  13. Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
  14. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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17
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract

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18
Q

Diabetes

A

Does not produce enough insulin

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19
Q

Hemophilia

A

Delayed blood clotting

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20
Q

Huntington’s

A

CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline

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21
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Build up of Phenylalanine in the body

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22
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A

Limits body oxygen supply

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23
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Incompletely closed spinal canal

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24
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Accumulation of lipids in the NS

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25
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of brain tissue

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26
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Enlarged Kidneys

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27
Q

Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency

A

Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy

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28
Q

Alpha Thalassemia

A

Severe Anemia; nearly all die soon after birth

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29
Q

Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)

A

Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or Young adulthood

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30
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation

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31
Q

Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Physical Therapy

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32
Q

Treatment of Diabetes

A

Insulin

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33
Q

Treatment of Hemophilia

A

Blood transfusions

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34
Q

Treatment of Huntington’s

A

no treatment

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35
Q

Treatment of Phenylketonuria

A

Special Diet

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36
Q

Treatment of Sickle-Cell Anemia

A

Penicillin, Antibiotics, Pain Reliever

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37
Q

Treatment of Spina Bifida

A

Surgery

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38
Q

Treatment of Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Medication, Special Diet

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39
Q

Treatment of Anencephaly

A

no treatment

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40
Q

Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Kidney Transplant

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41
Q

Treatment of Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency

A

No treatment

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42
Q

Treatment of Alpha Thalassemia

A

Frequent Blood Transfusion

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43
Q

Treatment of Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)

A

Blood Transfusions

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44
Q

Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

no treatment

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45
Q

Anoxia

A

oxygen shortage

46
Q

What are some reasons that could cause anoxia?

A

+ Could be umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled at birth
+ Could also be the position during birth (breech position)

47
Q

What could anoxia cause?

A

+ Can initially cause poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, and breathing difficulties
+ Can also lead so Cerebral Palsy

48
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

difficulty controlling muscle movements

49
Q

What increased risks may individuals with anoxia face?

A

Increases the risk of learning or intellectual disabilities and speech difficulties

50
Q

Low Birth Weight Infants

A

weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth

51
Q

Very Low birth Weight

A

less than 3 pounds 4 ounces

52
Q

Extremely Low Birth

A

less than 2 pounds

53
Q

Pre-term Infants

A

born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)

54
Q

Small for Date Infants (Small for Gestational Age Infants)

A

those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered

55
Q

Progestin

A

might help in reducing preterm birth

56
Q

Extremely Preterm

A

born less than 28 weeks gestation

57
Q

Very Preterm

A

less than 33 weeks

58
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing

59
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

A condition commonly faced by preterm babies wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing

60
Q

Postmature Babies

A

tend to be long and this because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation

61
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained

62
Q

Miscarriages

A

+ short-lived pregnancies
+ expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
+ also known as Spontaneous Abortion
+ Less than 20 weeks

63
Q

Stillbirth

A

miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)

64
Q

Between males and females who are the most likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn?

A

Males are more likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn

65
Q

Teratogen

A

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development

66
Q

At what stage of prenatal development are the effects of teratogen worst?

A

Effects are worst during the critical period, when the organs are developing rapidly

67
Q

What happens when the level of exposure to teratogen is high?

A

The greater the level of exposure and the longer the exposure to teratogen, the more likely it is that serious damage will occur

68
Q

What is one’s susceptibility to harm influenced by?

A

Susceptibility to harm is influenced by unborn child’s and mother’s genetic makeup

69
Q

What do the effects of teratogen depend on?

A

The effects of teratogen depend on the quality of both the prenatal and the postnatal environment

70
Q

Teratology

A

field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

71
Q

Critical Period

A

a time during which the developing organism is specially sensitive to environmental influences, positive or negative

72
Q

What is the weight of women who are less likely to have birth complications?

A

Women of normal weight are less likely to have birth complications

73
Q

What are overweight women at risk for in terms of birth?

A

Overweight women have risk of having longer deliveries, need more health care services, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, birth defects, etc.

74
Q

What nutrients are important for the development of the nervous system?

A

Omega-E, DHA, Folic Acid for the development of nervous system

75
Q

What is recommended to reduce back pain for pregnant women?

A

Moderate exercise is recommended to reduce back pain, risks for gestational diabetes and etc.

76
Q

Spina Bifida

A

+ neural tube fails to close, part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column
+ neurological problems

77
Q

Anencephaly

A

lethal defect in which main portion of the brain above the brain stem failed to develop
+

78
Q

When do neural tube defects occur?

A

Neural tube defects occur 25-29 days after conception and more common due to deficient in folic acid

79
Q

Thalidomide

A

+ used to relieve morning sickness
+ caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
+ treatment for AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancer

80
Q

Tobacco

A

+ higher risks of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips, and cleft palates
+ restricts blood flow to the fetus which reduces the levels of growth factors, oxygen, and nutrients that reach the fetus
+ CNS impairment
+ infants are more irritable and score lower on standard assessments of behavioral functioning
+ higher risks of respiratory infections and breathing difficulties
+ higher risk for SIDS
+ mild cognitive difficulties and to conduct and behavior problems

81
Q

What is the most important factor for low-birth weight babies?

A

Maternal smoking was identified to be the most important factor for low-birth weight babies

82
Q

Alcohol

A

+ disrupt hormone functions of the placenta
+ disrupts the normal process of neuronal migration, leading to several outcomes depending on the severity of the effects
+ high risks in CNS damage

83
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

84
Q

What are children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) like?

A

FAS children are smaller and lighter than normal and their physical growth lags behind

85
Q

What do children who were prenatally exposed with alcohol but do not have FAS experience?

A

Children who were exposed prenatally with alcohol but do not have FAS experience Fetal Alcohol Effects or Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder

86
Q

Cocaine

A

causes spontaneous abortion and premature detachment of the placenta

87
Q

What does cocaine contribute to?

A

Contributes to fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, and low birth weight

88
Q

What kind of deficits does cocaine produce?

A

Deficits on several measures of information-processing and sensory motor skills

89
Q

What are opioids associated with?

A

Opioids are associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium

90
Q

What do babies born with drug-addicted mothers tend to experience?

A

Babies born with drug-addicted mothers tend to experience withdrawal once they are born and no longer receive drugs

91
Q

Neonate Abstinence Syndrome

A

sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying etc.

92
Q

What risks does caffeine give?

A

Caffeine has slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies

93
Q

What can rubella cause in babies?

A

Rubella almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects to babies

94
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc.

95
Q

What kind of babies are diabetic mothers most likely to have?

A

Diabetic mothers are most likely to have babies that have heart and neural tube defects

96
Q

What kind of babies are stress and anxiety associated with?

A

Stress and anxiety have been associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns

97
Q

What can chronic stress result in for pregnant women?

A

Chronic stress can result in preterm delivery

98
Q

What can depression in pregnant women result into?

A

Depression may cause premature birth or developmental delays

99
Q

Is the chance of miscarriage/stillbirth directly or indirectly proportionate with maternal age?

A

Directly proportionate. Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age

100
Q

What kind of babies are adolescent mothers most likely to have?

A

Adolescent Mothers tend to have premature or underweight babies

101
Q

What other chemicals can affect prenatal development of babies?

A

Includes air pollution, radiation, chemicals

102
Q

What may fetal exposure to a low level of environmental toxins do to a baby?

A

Fetal exposure to low level of environmental toxins may result to asthma, allergies, lupus

103
Q

What risks do X-rays carry for babies?

A

X-Rays could triple the risk of having full term, low- birth weight babies

104
Q

What does exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, pesticides, etc. result into for men?

A

Exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, pesticides, etc. may result in abnormal or poor quality sperm

105
Q

How can fathers who have had diagnostic x-rays within the year prior to conception and have a high lead exposure at work affect prenatal development in their children?

A

Babies who fathers had diagnostic x-rays within the year prior to conception or had a high lead exposure at work tends to have low birth weight and slowed fetal growth

106
Q

What can exposure to mercury cause?

A

Exposure to Mercury could cause blindness

107
Q

What kind of risks do older fathers pose for their newborn children?

A

Older fathers may be significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm such as dwarfism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ASD

108
Q

Prenatal cell-free DNA Scans

A

fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems

109
Q

Infertility

A

not being able to get pregnant even after a year of trying

110
Q

What other drugs are harmful for pregnant women?

A

Another set of drugs that are harmful for pregnant women: Antibiotics, certain Barbiturates, Opiates, Acutane

TOS DevPsych (25 decks)

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