Module 14 Flashcards
Foreign exchange risk
Risk that exchange rates will move in such a direction as to cost a company
Bid rate
Buying
Ask rate
Selling
Spread
Difference between bid and ask
Reason exchange rates move
Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory
Money market hedging
Exchange our currency today when we know exactly what the exchange rate is. (Not a derivative)
Who hedges a foreign currency liability
Importers
Hedging a foreign currency liability > Step 1
Identify that a company has a foreign currency liability
Hedging a foreign currency liability > Step 2
Create a foreign currency asset by investing in a foreign currency today
Hedging a foreign currency liability > Step 3
Calculate how much to invest in the foreign currency
Hedging a foreign currency liability > Step 4
Translate at today’s exchange rate
Hedging a foreign currency liability > Step 5
Borrow the required amount in the UK today (which will incur interest during the term)
Who hedges a foreign currency asset
Exporters
Hedging a foreign currency asset > Step 1
Identify that the company has a foreign currency asset
Hedging a foreign currency asset > Step 2
Create a foreign currency liability by borrowing in a foreign currency
Hedging a foreign currency asset > Step 3
Calculate how much to borrow in the foreign currency
Hedging a foreign currency asset > Step 4
Translate at today’s exchange rate
Hedging a foreign currency asset > Step 5
Invest in the UK today (which will grow and earn interest during the term)
Derivative
Financial instrument that derives its value from the behaviour of the price of an underlying asset
Two ways derivatives are used
- To make money (speculating)
- To reduce risk (hedging)
Four types of derivatives
- Forwards
- Futures
- Options
- Swaps
Forward contract
Agreement to buy or sell a certain amount of money at a set exchange rate at a specified time in the future
Forward contract - currency risk
Removed as the exchange rate is fixed
Forward contracts traded
Over the counter (not on exchange)
Forward contracts settlement
Gross settlement (one cashflow)
Forward points (pips)
Must be divided by 100
Futures contracts
Contract to purchase or sell a standard quantity of a commodity at an agreed future date at a specified price
Aim to fix an outcome of a hedge
Futures contract traded
On an exchange
Futures contract settlement
Settled daily
Today: if a company buying into foreign currency in the future (importer)
Enters into futures contract to buy foreign currency at fixed rate
Today: If a company will be selling in a foreign currency in the future (exporter)
Enter into futures contract to sell foreign currency at the fixed rate
Futures transaction > Step 1
(Today) Contracts should be due to be fulfilled on a standard date after the transaction date
Futures transaction > Step 2
(In the future) Complete the actual transaction on the spot market
Futures transaction > Step 3
(In the future) Close out the futures contract by doing the opposite of what we did in step 1
Profit or loss will arise as futures are settled
If sell rate for the future contract currency > buy rate
Profit on future
If sell rate for the future contract currency < buy rate
Loss on future
Hedge efficiency =
Profit on future
___________ x 100
Loss on the spot rate
Marking to market
Ensures that participants do not build up such large losses they are subsequently unable to pay - use ‘margin accounts’
Maintenance margin
Minimum amount the account can reduce to before the investor will be required to restore the margin account
Option contract
Contract which allows the holder the right but not the obligation to either buy or sell an asset at an agreed exercise price at or before a specified date
Option to buy
Call option
Option to sell
Put option
Purchaser of any type of option must pay
Premium
Option that will be exercised
In the money
Option with a spot price equal to the exercise price
At the money
Option that will not be exercised
Out of the money
If buyer of call option, you have the right to buy an asset at agreed exercise price (if lower than market price)
Long call
If the seller of call option sells to buyer
Short call
Buyer of a put option buys the right to sell the shares at agreed exercise price
Long put
Seller of put has sold the right to the other party for them to sell asset at agreed price
Short put
Black Scholes model
Identifies components of pricing of premium of option:
- Intrinsic value
- Time value
Currency options..
Protect buyer against movements in exchange rates but give buyer upside potential should exchange rates move in their favour
Options exercised when..
They are in the money
Options transaction > Step 1
Calculate the premium
Options transaction > Step 2
Complete the actual transaction on the spot market
Options transaction > Step 3
Decide whether to exercise the options contract
Currency swap
Agreement between two counterparties which agree to swap their liabilities for loan repayments in different currencies over a period of time (usually 3 to 20 years)
Currency swap > Step 1
Exchange of principles
Currency swap > Step 2
Year end for years 1-X
Currency swap > Step 3
Re-exchange of principal (at initial exchange rate)
Call option benefit from price going
Up
Put option benefit from price going
Down
Swaps not suitable for
Hedging short term currency risk from importing or exporting